α Tubulin Mutations

EM XRD AA1 AA3 Tubulin Gene (Isotype) Organism Phenotype Reference Keywords Notes
S1 R2A Arg2Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E3A, Cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S1 R2K Arg2Lys AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, α-tubulin-4, tortifolia Buschmann et al. 2009. Plant Cell 21:2090-106 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S1 S1 E3A Glu3Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R2A, Cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S1 S1 I4V Ile4Val NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R2437:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S1 S1 V4L Val4Leu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S1 S1 I5F Ile5Phe NP_035783.1 (Tuba1a) M. musculus R4702:Tuba1a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S1 S1 I5L Ile5Leu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jansen et al. 2011. Neurology 76:988-92, Poirier et al. 2013. Eur J Hum Genet 21:381-5 Homo sapiens, human
S1 S1 S6I Ser6Ile XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S1 S1 H8Y His8Tyr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S1 S1 V9M Val9Met NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus IGL01065:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H1 H1 A12V Ala12Val AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Suppressor of lefty mutation (A180T α-tubulin, TUA4) Thitamadee et al. 2002. Nature 417:193-6 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H1 H1 S12A Ser12Ala NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens HTI-286 resistant (Hemiasterlin derivative) Loganzo et al. 2004. Mol Cancer Ther 3:1319-27 Homo sapiens, human
H1 H1 V14I Val14Ile NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R0454:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H1 H1 I16F Ile16Phe NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R1624:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H1 H1 E22K Glu22Lys NP_001021050.1 (TBA-2) C. elegans Suppressor of S168Y α-tubulin Lu and Mains. 2005. Genetics 170:115-26 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H1 H1 E22K Glu22Lys NP_001230908.1 (TUBA1B) C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Barlow et al. 2002. J Cell Sci 115:3469-78 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H1 H1 E22K Glu22Lys NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus IGL03091:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H1 H1 F24H Phe24His XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H1 H1 Y24H Tyr24His AAA33095.1 (α1-tubulin) C. reinhardtii Dinitroaniline resistant James et al. 1993. J Cell Sci 106:209-18 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
H1 H1 E27A Glu27Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H28A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H1 H1 E27Q Glu27Gln NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Malformations of cortical development Shimojima et al. 2014. BMC Res Notes 7 Homo sapiens, human
H1 H1 H28A His28Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E27A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H1 H1 H28Q His28Gln XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
K31A Lys31Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D33A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L31L* Leu31 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
L31L* Leu31 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
P32S Phe32Ser NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
D33A Asp33Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With L31A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
G34C Gly34Cys NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R4722:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
R34R* Arg34 AAG15364.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
R34R* Arg34 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
R34R* Arg34 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
R34R* Arg34 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H35A His35Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E37A and D38A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K35K* Lys35 AAG15364.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
K35K* Lys35 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
K35K* Lys35 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
Q35X Gln35Stop AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Suppressor of lefty mutation (A180T α-tubulin, TUA4) Thitamadee et al. 2002. Nature 417:193-6 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
I36T Ile36Thr NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R2084:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E37A Glu37Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H35A and D38A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D38A Asp38Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H35A and E37A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
Q39Q* Gln39 AAG15364.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
Q39Q* Gln39 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
Q39Q* Gln39 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
R39R* Arg39 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
R39R* Arg39 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
K40Q Lys40Gln XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii With V252L, acetylation mimetic Varberg et al. 2016. mSphere 1 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
K40R Lys40Arg XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii With V252L, not viable Varberg et al. 2016. mSphere 1 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
K40R Lys40Arg NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans polymorphic microtubules in touch receptor neurons Cueva et al. 2012. Curr Biol 22:1066-74 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
K40R Lys40Arg AAA21350.1 (α-tubulin) T. thermophila Increased lability: dinitroaniline supersensitive, Taxol resistant Gaertig et al. 1994. Proc Natl Acad USA 91:4549-53, Akella et al. 2010. Nature 467:218-22 Tetrahymena thermophila
K42A Lys42Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K44A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
G43V Gly43Val NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
K44A Lys44Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K42A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
N44S Asn44Ser NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R1424:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
N44T Asn44Thr NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus IGL02043:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
D47G Asp47Gly NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R1985:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E48A Glu48Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E47A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
F49C Phe49Cys XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S50N Ser50Asn NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S50S* Ser50 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S50S* Ser50 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
T51A Thr51Ala XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
F52I Phe52Ile XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S2 F52L Phe52Leu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S2 F52Y Phe52Tyr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S2 S2 E55K Glu55Lys NP_001230908.1 (α-1B-tubulin) C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Hari et al. 2003. Mol Cancer Ther 2:597-605 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S2 S2 E55K Glu55Lys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Morris-Rosendahl et al. 2008. Clin Genet 74:425-33 Homo sapiens, human
S2 S2 H55A His55Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E56A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S2 S2 E56A Glu56Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H55A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S2 S2 T56A Thr56Ala NP_035783.1 (Tuba1a) M. musculus R6307:Tuba1a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S2 S2 T56I Thr56Ile NP_175423.1 (TUA2) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA2 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S2 S2 T56I Thr56Ile AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S2 S2 T56I Thr56Ile AAA32892.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA6 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S2 S2 T56I Thr56Ile BAG95614.1 O. sativa Severe dwarfism and right helical growth Sunohara et al. 2009. Genes Genet Syst 84:209-18 Oryza sativa, plant, rice
S2 S2 T56M Thr56Met NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
S3 S3 R60H Arg60His NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S3 S3 K61A Lys61Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R65A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S3 S3 V62I Val62Ile AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S3 R65A Arg65Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K61A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S4 S4 D69N Asp69Asn NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans mec-12, touch receptor defect, loss of 15 protofilament MTs Fukushige et al. 1999. J Cell Sci 112:395-403, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S4 S4 E69K Glu69Lys NP_001021050.1 (TBA-2) C. elegans Suppressor of S168Y α-tubulin Lu and Mains. 2005. Genetics 170:115-26 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S4 S4 D70A Asp70Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E72A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S4 S4 L70Q Leu70Gln NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R4968:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S4 S4 L70S Leu70Ser NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Overlapping cortical malformations Cushion et al. 2013. Brain 136:536-48 Homo sapiens, human
S4 E72A Glu72Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D70A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S4 P72S Pro72Ser NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria like cortical dysplasia Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H2 H2 V75A Val75Ala NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus IGL01731:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H2 H2 V75A Val75Ala NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R1476:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H2 H2 D77A Asp77Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E78A and R80A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H2 H2 E78A Glu78Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D77A and R80A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H2 H2 E79K Glu79Lys AAF50226.2 (α-Tubulin67C) D. melanogaster Female sterile, embryogenesis arrest due to mutation in Tubulin67C Mathe et al. 1998. J Cell Sci 111:887-96 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H2 H2 T79I Thr79Ile NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R6566:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H2 H2 R80A Arg80Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D77A and E78A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
C82F Cys82Phe NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus IGL01346:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E82K Glu82Lys AAF50226.2 (α-Tubulin67C) D. melanogaster Female sterile, Tubulin67C Venkei and Szabad. 2005. Mol Genet Genomics 273:283-9 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
Y82C Tyr82Cys AAA33095.1 (α1-tubulin) C. reinhardtii Dinitroaniline resistant James et al. 1993. J Cell Sci 106:209-18 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
P84P* Pro84 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
P84P* Pro84 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
K85A Lys85Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D86A, wild-type Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D86A Asp86Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K85A, wild-type Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H89A His89Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E91A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R89G Arg89Gly NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus IGL02548:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E90G Glu90Gly NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R1376:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E90G G90Gly NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R1376:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S5 E91A Glu91Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H89A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S5 S5 L92V Leu92Val NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
S5 S5 I93V Ile93Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S5 E97K Glu97Lys NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Reduced MT stability and neurite growth defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S5 K97A Lys97Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E98A and D99A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E98A Glu98Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K97A and D99A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R98R* Arg98 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
R98R* Arg98 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
D99A Asp99Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K97A and E98A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
V100V* Val100 AAL73386.1 (α-tubulin) E. focardii Cold stable microtubules, increased hydrophobicity Pucciarelli et al. 2009. Mar Genomics 2:57-66 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
N101S Asp101Ser NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria like cortical dysplasia Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
N102D Asp102Arg AAH83343 (TUBA1A) M. musculus Disrupted neural development and tubulin proteostasis Hanson et al. 2016. Dev Biol 409: 406-19 Mus musculus, mouse
R106A Arg106Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H108A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R106T Arg106Thr AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive lethal Vega et al. 1998. Mol Biol Cell 9:2349-60 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H108A His108Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R106A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
I110F Ile110Phe NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R6189:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mus musculus, mouse
I110V Ile110Val NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R2137:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mus musculus, mouse
R113A Arg113A AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E114A, wild type growth Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E114A Glu114Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R113A, wild type growth Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 V115A Val115Ala NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R5104:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H3 H3 D118A Asp118Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D121A and R122A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 H3 D121A Asp121Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D118A and R122A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 H3 R122A Arg122Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D118A and D121A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 H3 R124A Arg124Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K125A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 H3 K125A Lys125Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R124A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 H3 L125M Leu125Met BAJ06362.1 (TUA3) A. aequalis Dinitroaniline resistant Hashim et al. 2012. Pest Manag Sci 68: 422-9 Alopecurus aequalis, plant, shortawn foxtail, orange foxtail
H3 H3 D127G Asp127Gly NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R3160:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H3 H3 D127G Asp127Gly NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R3162:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H3 H3 D128A Asp128Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D131A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H3 I129N Ile129Asn NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus IGL02120:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
D131A Asp131Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D128A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
G131R Gly131Arg XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S6 S6 L136F Leu136Phe BAJ06363.1 (TUA1) A. aequalis Dinitroaniline resistant Hashim et al. 2012. Pest Manag Sci 68: 422-9 Alopecurus aequalis, plant, shortawn foxtail, orange foxtail
S6 S6 L136F Leu136Phe CAE52515.1 (α2-tubulin) S. viridis Dinitroaniline resistant Delye et al. 2004. Plant Physiol 136:3920-32 Setaria viridis, plant, grass, green foxtail, green bristlegrass, wild foxtail millet
S6 S6 L136F Leu136Phe AAA21350.1 (α-tubulin) T. thermophila Dinitroaniline resistant Lyons-Abbott et al. 2010. Eukaryot Cell 9:1825-34 Tetrahymena thermophila
S6 S6 L136F Leu136Phe XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S6 S6 I137N Ile137Asn NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R1741:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S6 S6 V137D Val137Asp NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation, TUBA1A Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
S6 S6 N139K Asn139Lys XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S6 S6 S140F Ser140Phe NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Reduced MT stability and neurite growth defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S6 S6 S140G Ser140Gly NP_035783.1 (Tuba1) M. musculus abnormal lamination of the hippocampus Keays et al. 2007. Cell 12:45-57, Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64, Morris-Rosendahl et al. 2008. Clin Genet 74:425-33, Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Mus musculus, mouse
S6 S6 G142E Gly142Glu NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S6 S6 G142S Gly142Ser XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
G144S Gly144Ser NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Reduced MT stability and neurite growth defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
T145A Thr145Ala NP_035784.1 (Tuba1b) M. musculus R3147:Tuba1b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
T145K Thr145Lys NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R5404:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
T145P Thr145Pro NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
T146A Thr146Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S147T Ser147Thr NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R4074:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H4 H4 F149K Phe149Lys NP_033473.1 (Tuba4) M. musculus Folding mutant, destabilized Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H4 H4 F149M Phe149Met NP_033473.1 (Tuba4) M. musculus Wild-type GTP binding Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H4 H4 T150G Thr150Gly NP_033473.1 (Tuba4) M. musculus Wild-type GTP binding Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H4 H4 T150S Thr150Ser NP_033473.1 (Tuba4) M. musculus Wild-type GTP binding Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H4 H4 L152F Leu152Phe NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H4 H4 L154R Leu154Arg XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette and Sept review Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H4 H4 E156A Glu156Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E157A, dominant lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H4 H4 E157A Glu157Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E156A, dominant lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H4 H4 S158L Ser158Leu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria like cortical dysplasia Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H4 E161A Glu161Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K164A and K165A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H4 Y161H Tyr161His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria, TUBA1A Poirier et al. 2013. Eur J Hum Genet 21:381-5 Homo sapiens, human
H4 Y161H Tyr161His NP_035784.1 (Tuba1b) M. musculus IGL01483:Tuba1b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H4 Y161X Tyr161stop NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R4434:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S7 K164A Lys164Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E161A and K165A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S7 K164R Lys164Arg NP_035784.1 (Tuba1b) M. musculus R6471:Tuba1b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S7 S7 K165A Lys165Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E161A and K164A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S7 S7 S165A Ser165Ala XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S7 S7 S165D Ser165Asp NP_116093.1 (TUBA1C) H. sapiens Phosphomimetic, stimulates microtubule dynamics De et al. 2014. Cytoskeleton 71:257-72 Homo sapiens, human
S7 S7 S165N Ser165Asn NP_116093.1 (TUBA1C) H. sapiens Phosphorylation resistant mutant, increased frequency of catastrophe De et al. 2014. Cytoskeleton 71:257-72 Homo sapiens, human
S7 S7 S165P Ser165Pro P68363.1 (Kα-1 α-tubulin) H. sapiens HTI-286 resistant (Hemiasterlin derivative) Poruchynsky et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:13944-54 Homo sapiens, human
S7 S7 S165P Ser165Pro XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S7 S7 S165T Ser165Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S7 S7 K167A Lys167Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E169A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S7 S7 S168Y Ser168Tyr NP_001021050.1 (TBA-2) C. elegans Stable, katanin OE resistant Lu and Mains. 2005. Genetics 170:115-26 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S7 S7 E169A Glu169Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K167A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S7 S7 S171A Ser171Ala XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S7 S7 P173L Pro173Leu XP_001703110.1 (TUA2) C. reinhardtii Suppressor of Asp205Asn (suppressor of uni1-3, α-tubulin null) Fromherz et al. 2004. J Cell Sci 117:303-14 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
S7 S7 P173L Pro173Leu NP_595106.1 (Atb2) S. pombe Suppresses P302L α-tubulin defects Tange et al. 2004. Genetics 167:1095-107 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
Q176E Gln176Glu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette and Sept review Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S177P Ser177Pro NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus IGL02426:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
V177M Val177Met NP_476772.1 (α-Tubulin at 84B) D. melanogaster Non-complementing allele for B2t mutant α-tubulins Hays et al. 1989. Mol Cell Biol 9:875-84 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
ΔS178 ΔSer178 AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
A178V Ala178Val CAA16866.1 (Atb1) S. pombe Interacts with α-tubulin Takeoka et al. 2000. J Cell Sci 113: 4557-62 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
S178T Ser178Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette and Sept review Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S180F Ser180Phe AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana lefty2 (TUA4) Thitamadee et al. 2002. Nature 417:193-6 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S180F Ser180Phe AAA32892.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana lefty1 (TUA6) Thitamadee et al. 2002. Nature 417:193-6 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
V181I Val181Ile XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
V182A Val182Ala NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R5073:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H5 H5 E184A Glu184Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H5 H5 Y185H Tyr185His NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R5505:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagentix Mus musculus, mouse
H5 H5 Y185X Tyr185stop NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R5546:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15366.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA7 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15364.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbA2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA5 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA7 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA8 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 A187A* Ala187 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
H5 H5 I188L Ile188Leu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64 Homo sapiens, human
H5 H5 T190A Thr190Ala NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R1488:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H5 H5 H192Y His192Tyr NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H5 L195M Leu195Met P68363.1 (Kα-1 α-tubulin) H. sapiens A549 human lung carcinoma cell line EpoB step up selection Yang et al. 2005. Mol Cancer Ther 4:987-95 Homo sapiens, human
H5 L195Q Leu195Gln NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus IGL03027:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H5 E196K Glu196Lys NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H5 E197A Glu197Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H198A and D200A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H5 H198A His198Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E197A and D200A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H5 T198I Thr198Ile AHJ80815.1 (Tua1) E. tef Dwarfing and lodging tolerance Jöst et al. 2014. J Exp Bot 66:933-44 Eragrostis tef, plant, teff, Williams' lovegrass annual bunch grass
S8 D199G Asp199Gly NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R0573:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S8 D199G Asp199Gly NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus IGL03286:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S8 S8 D200A Asp200Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E198 and H198A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S8 S8 V202F Val202Phe BAJ06363.1 (TUA1) A. aequalis Dinitroaniline resistant Hashim et al. 2012. Pest Manag Sci 68: 422-9 Alopecurus aequalis, plant, shortawn foxtail, orange foxtail
S8 S8 V202F Val202Phe SRR1141056 L. rigidum Dinitroaniline resistant Chen et al. 2018. Pest Manag Sci 74:925-932 Lolium rigidum, plant, grass, annual ryegrass
S8 S8 D205N Asp205Asn Q56WH1.2 (TUA3) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA3 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S8 S8 D205N Asp205Asn XP_001703110.1 (TUA2) C. reinhardtii Suppressor of uni3-1 (α-tubulin null) Fromherz et al. 2004. J Cell Sci 117:303-14 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
S8 S8 D206A Asp206Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E208A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H6 H6 C207F Cys207Phe NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R1626:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H6 H6 A208T Ala208Thr AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana suppressor of lefty mutation (A180T α-tubulin) Thitamadee et al. 2002. Nature 417:193-6 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H6 H6 A208T Ala208Thr XP_001703110.1 (TUA2) C. reinhardtii Suppressor of uni3-1 (α-tubulin null) Fromherz et al. 2004. J Cell Sci 117:303-14 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
H6 H6 E208A Glu208Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D206A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H6 H6 I209V Ile209Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H6 H6 Y210C Tyr210Cys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jansen et al. 2011. Neurology 76:988-92 Homo sapiens, human
H6 H6 D212A Asp212Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K215A and R216A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H6 H6 C213Y Cys213Tyr AAA32892.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana Twisting mutant α-tubulin-6 Ishida and Hashimoto. 2007. J Plant Res 120:635-40 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H6 H6 R214H Arg214His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria like cortical dysplasia, cerebellar dysplasia Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69, Oegema et al. 2015. Hum Mol Genet 24:5313-25 Homo sapiens, human
H6 H6 K215A Lys215Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D212A and R216A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H6 H6 R215C Arg215Cys NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
H6 R216A Arg216Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D212A and K215A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D218Y Asp218Tyr NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
D219A Asp219Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R222A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
I219V Ile219Val NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Cerebellar dysplasia Oegema et al. 2015. Hum Mol Genet 24:5313-25 Homo sapiens, human
R221H Arg221His P68363.1 (Kα-1 α-tubulin) H. sapiens HTI-286 resistant (Hemiasterlin derivative) Poruchynsky et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:13944-54 Homo sapiens, human
R222A Arg222Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D219A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H7 H7 R229H Arg229His NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R5297:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H7 H7 R229H Arg229His NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus IGL01020:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H7 H7 L230Q Leu230Gln NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus IGL03152:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H7 H7 L230V Leu230Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H7 H7 I231T Ile231Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H7 H7 I235L Ile235Leu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H7 H7 I235V Ile235Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H7 H7 I235T Ile235Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H7 H7 V235L Val235Leu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria, TUBA1A Poirier et al. 2013. Eur J Hum Genet 21:381-5 Homo sapiens, human
H7 I238V Ile238Val NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Fallet-Bianco et al. 2008. Brain 131:2304-20 Homo sapiens, human
H7 L238V Leu238Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H7 Y238X Tyr238stop NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R2012:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H7 T239I Thr239Ile AAC05717.1 (TUBA1) E. indica Dinitroaniline resistant Yamamoto et al. 1998. Plant Cell 10:297-308, Anthony et al. 1999. Nat Biotechnol 17:712-6 Eleusine indica, plant, Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, crowfootgrass
H7 T239I Thr239Ile SRR1141056 L. rigidum Dinitroaniline resistant Chen et al. 2018. Pest Manag Sci 74:925-932 Lolium rigidum, plant, grass, annual ryegrass
H7 T239I Thr239Ile NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R5307:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H7 T239I Thr239Ile CAE52515.1 (α2-tubulin) S. viridis Dinitroaniline resistant Delye et al. 2004. Plant Physiol 136:3920-32 Setaria viridis, plant, grass, green foxtail, green bristlegrass, wild foxtail millet
H7 T239I Thr239Ile XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S242L Ser242Leu NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R3976:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
R243C Arg243Cys XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
R243K Arg243Lys SRR1141056 L. rigidum Dinitroaniline resistant Chu et al. 2018. Front Plant Sci 9:1-12 Lolium rigidum, plant, grass, annual ryegrass
R243M Arg243Met SRR1141056 L. rigidum Dinitroaniline resistant Chu et al. 2018. Front Plant Sci 9:1-12 Lolium rigidum, plant, grass, annual ryegrass
R243S Arg243Ser XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
E244K Glu244Lys AAF50226.2 (α-Tubulin67C) D. melanogaster Female sterile, embryogenesis arrest due to mutation in Tubulin67C Mathe et al. 1998. J Cell Sci 111:887-96 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
R244A Arg244Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D246A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S9 D246A Asp246Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R244A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S9 G246D Gly246Asp NP_595106.1 (Atb2) S. pombe Temperature sensitive lethal, polarity mutant Radcliffe et al. 1998. Mol Biol Cell 9:1757-71 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
S9 G246E Gly246Glu NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
D251N Asp251Asn AED92748 (TUA5) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA5 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
D252A Asp252Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Involved in GTPase activation, poisonous and lethal; with E255A, dominant lethal Anders and Botstein. 2001. Mol Biol Cell 12:3973-86, Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L252L* Leu252 AAA21350.1 (α-tubulin) T. thermophila Dinitroaniline resistant Lyons-Abbott et al. 2010. Eukaryot Cell 9:1825-34 Tetrahymena thermophila
V252V* Ile252Val AAL73386.1 (α-tubulin) E. focardii Cold stable microtubules Pucciarelli et al. 2009. Mar Genomics 2:57-66 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
V252L Val252Leu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant; with K40Q, acetylation mimetic; with K40R, not viable Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8, Varberg et al. 2016. mSphere 1 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
E255A Glu255Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D252A, dominant lethal; involved in GTPase activation, poisonous and lethal Anders and Botstein. 2001. Mol Biol Cell 12:3973-86, Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
Q256H Gln256His XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
T257A Thr257Ala NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R0631:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
N258S Asn258Ser NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R1989:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
V260I Val260Ile NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
V260I Val260Ile NP_595106.1 (Atb2) S. pombe Altered association with Mal3 Asakawa et al. 2006. Mol Biol Cell 17:1421-35 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
P263T Pro263Thr NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2008. Brain 131:2304-20 Homo sapiens, human
R264C Arg264Cys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria, pachygyria TUBA1A Tian et al. 2008. Mol Biol Cell 19:1152-61, Bahi-Buisson et al. 2008. J Med Genet 45:647-53, Poirier et al. 2013. Eur J Hum Genet 21:381-5 Homo sapiens, human
R264C Arg264Cys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA3 Keays et al. 2007. Cell 12:45-57, Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64 Homo sapiens, human
R264H Arg264His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly and microretrognatism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
T264A Thr264Ala NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R1657:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
I265T Ile265Thr NP_033474.1 (Tuba1c) M. musculus R6367:Tuba1c, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
N265S Asn265Ser NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus IGL00595:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
R265A Arg265Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H267A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S10 H267A His267Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R265A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S10 S9 M268I Met268Ile AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S10 S9 M268T Met268Thr AAC05717.1 (TUBA1) E. indica Dinitroaniline resistant Yamamoto et al. 1998. Plant Cell 10:297-308 Eleusine indica, plant, Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, crowfootgrass
S10 S9 M268T Met268Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Ma et al. 2007. Mol Biol Cell 18:4711-20 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S10 S9 V268V* Val268 AAB86648.1 (α-tubulin) Chloromonas spp. Cold stable tubulin Willem et al. 1999. Extremophiles 3:221-6 Green algae, plant
S10 S9 V268V* Val268 AAB86648.1 (α-tubulin) Chloromonas spp. Cold stable tubulin Willem et al. 1999. Extremophiles 3:221-6 Green algae, plant
S10 S9 A270T Ala270Thr NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
S10 S9 A273V Ala273Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
I275T Ile275Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S277F Ser277Phe AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S277F Ser277Phe NP_193232.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA6 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
T278T* Thr278 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTba4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
T278T* Thr278 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTba5 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
K279A Lys279Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K281A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K280N Lys280Asn XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
A281T Ala281Thr AAA32892.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA6 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
K281A Lys281Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K279A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H283Y His283Tyr NP_001230908.1 (α-1B-tubulin) C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Hari et al. 2003. Mol Cancer Ther 2:597-605 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
E284K Glu284Lys NP_175423.1 (TUA2) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA2 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H284A His284Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E285A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E285A Glu285Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With H284A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L286F Leu286Phe NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2008. Brain 131:2304-20 Homo sapiens, human
S287A Ser287Ala NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus IGL02159:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S287P Ser287Pro NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus R4655:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S287P Ser287Pro NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R1836:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S287P Ser287Pro XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
T287T* Thr287 AAG15366.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA7 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
T287T* Thr287 AAG15366.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
T287T* Thr287 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
T287T* Thr287 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA7 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
T287T* Thr287 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA8 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
T287T* Thr287 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
G288G* Gly288 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
G288G* Gly288 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
H8 H8 T292I Thr292Ile NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R5796:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H8 H8 N293D Asn293Asp XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H8 H8 A295G Ala295Gly XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H8 H8 A295V Ala295Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H8 H8 A295A* Ala295 AAL73386.1 (α-tubulin) E. focardii Cold stable microtubules, increased hydrophobicity Pucciarelli et al. 2009. Mar Genomics 2:57-66 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H8 H8 V295V* Val295 AAB86648.1 (α-tubulin) Chloromonas spp. Cold stable tubulin Willem et al. 1999. Extremophiles 3:221-6 Green algae, plant
H8 S296T Ser296Thr NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R6474:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S300T Ser300Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
M301T Met301Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
F302F* Phe302 AAG15366.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
F302F* Phe302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbA9 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15366.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTbA7 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15366.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability CrTba11 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTba2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTba3 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA5 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA7 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
L302L* Leu302 AAG15325.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability NcTbA8 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
V303G Val303Gly NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly (Tub1A) Lecourtois et al. 2010. Acta neuropathol 119:779-89 Homo sapiens, human
C305F Cys305Phe NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R6137:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
K305A Lys305Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D307A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
Q305R Gln305Arg AAF50226.2 (α-Tubulin67C) D. melanogaster Female sterile, embryogenesis arrest due to mutation in Tubulin67C Mathe et al. 1998. J Cell Sci 111:887-96 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
D306G Asp306Gly NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus IGL03336:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S306P Ser306Pro NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R0458:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
D307A Asp307Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K305A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
P307L Pro307Leu NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
R308L Arg308Leu BAG95614.1 O. sativa Short seeds, herbicide resistant Segami et al. 2012. Rice 5:4 Oryza sativa, plant, rice
R309A Arg309Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D310A and K312A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D310A Asp310Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R309A and K312A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S11 S10 K312A Lys312Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R309A and D310A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S11 S10 D313A Asp313Ala NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus IGL02053:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S11 S10 M313K Met313Lys NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R5945:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S11 S10 M313T Met313Thr XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S10 R320C Arg320Cys NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
S10 R320H Arg320His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism, and facial dysmorphism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
S10 R320H Arg320His NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
S10 R321A Arg321Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D323A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S12 D323A Asp323Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R321A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S10 V323I Val323Ile NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
P325S Pro325Ser AAA32892.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA6 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H9 H9 G326G* Gly326 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
H9 H9 G326G* Gly326 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
H9 H9 K326N Lys326Asn NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly and microretrognatism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H9 H9 T326Q Thr326Gln AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With Q330W, blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry 50:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H9 H9 R327A Arg327Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D328A and R331A, wild type growth Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H9 H9 D328A Asp328Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R327A and R331A, wild type growth Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H9 H9 N329S Asn329Ser NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
H9 H9 Q330W Gln330Trp AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With T326Q, blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry 50:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H9 H9 R331A Arg331Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R327A and D328A, wild type growth Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H9 H9 A333V Ala333Val NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens polymicrogyria Cushion et al. 2013. Brain 136:536-48 Homo sapiens, human
H9 H9 E334A Glu334Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K337A, cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H9 H9 K335K* Lys335 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
H9 H9 K335K* Lys335 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
H9 H9 K337A Lys337Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K334A, cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K339A Lys339Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K340A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K340A Lys340Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K339A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T346A Thr346Ala NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus IGL02981:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
P348L Pro348Leu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
T349E Thr349Glu AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry 50:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T349I Thr349Ile NP_175423.1 (TUA2) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA2 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
T349I Thr349Ile AEE27747.1 (TUA4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S13 S11 G354E Gly354Glu NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Touch receptor defect Hsu et al. 2014. PLoS Genetic 10, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S13 S11 I355E Ile355Glu XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S13 S11 C356Y Cys356Tyr NP_595106.1 (Atb2) S. pombe Temperature sensitive lethal, polarity mutant Radcliffe et al. 1998. Mol Biol Cell 9:1757-71 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
S13 S11 N356D Asn356Asp NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R1660:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S13 S359S* Ser359 AAP75758.2 (partial) C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S13 S359S* Ser359 BAC67665.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulins (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
α insert α insert P360A Pro360Ala XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
α insert α insert T361P Thr361Pro XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
α insert α insert V363A Val363Ala XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
α insert α insert P364A Pro364Ala XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
α insert α insert P364R Pro364Arg XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
α insert α insert P364R Pro364Arg XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
α insert α insert G365E Gly365Glu NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
α insert α insert G366R Gly366Arg NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly Okumura et al. 2013. Brain Dev 35:274-9 Homo sapiens, human
α insert α insert G366R Gly366Arg XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
D367V Asp367Val XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
L368F Leu368Phe XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
V371E Val371Glu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly and microretrognatism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
V371G Val371Gly XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
V371L Val371Leu NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R0453:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S14 S12 D373A Asp373Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R374A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S14 S12 R373C Arg373Cys XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S14 S12 R374A Arg374Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D373A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S14 S12 C376S Cys376Ser NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R0086:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S14 S12 C377S Cys377Ser AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Excessive astral MTs, misoriented, too long; misplaced spindles Caron et al. 2001. Mol Biol Cell 12:2672-87 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S14 S12 S377F Ser377Phe NP_001251213.1 (TBA-1) C. elegans Lethal, temperature sensitive Phillips et al. 2004. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 58:112-26 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S14 S12 I378M Ile378Met XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S14 S12 S379R Ser379Arg P68363.1 (Kα-1 α-tubulin) H. sapiens Taxol resistant Martello et al. 2003. Cancer Res 63:1207-13 Homo sapiens, human
S14 S12 N380K Asn380Lys NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R6045:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S14 S12 T382K Thr382Lys NP_033472.1 (Tuba3a) M. musculus IGL01610:Tuba3a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S14 A383T Ala383Thr NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
S14 A383V Ala383Val NP_001230908.1 (α-1B-tubulin) C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Hari et al. 2003. Mol Cancer Ther 2:597-605 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
I384V Ile384Val P68363.1 (Kα-1 α-tubulin) H. sapiens HTI-286 resistant (Hemiasterlin derivative) Poruchynsky et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:13944-54 Homo sapiens, human
H10 H10 A387V Ala387Val NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Romaniello et al. 2014. Dev Med Child Neurol 56:354-60 Homo sapiens, human
H10 H10 E387A Glu387Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K390A and R391A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 A389V Ala389Val NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R5619:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H10 H10 K390A Lys390Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E387A and R391A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 R390C Arg390Cys NP_001230908.1 (α-1B-tubulin) C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Hari et al. 2003. Mol Cancer Ther 2:597-605 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H10 H10 R390C Arg390Cys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Poirier et al. 2013. Eur J Hum Genet 21:381-5 Homo sapiens, human
H10 H10 R390H Arg390His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens asymmetrical polymicrogyria and mid-hindbrain dysgenesis Zanni et al. 2013. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:361-5 Homo sapiens, human
H10 H10 R390W Arg390Trp Q56WH1.2 (TUA3) A. thaliana Twisting, TUA3 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H10 H10 M391I Met391Ile XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Dinitroaniline resistant Morrissette et al. 2004. Mol Biol Cell 15:1960-8 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H10 H10 R391A Arg391Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E387A and K390A, benomyl resistant Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 D392G Asp392Gly NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R5594:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H10 H10 D392V Asp392Val NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R0032:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H10 H10 D393A Asp393Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Kinesin interaction Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 D393A Asp393Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R384A, benomyl resistant; with R384A, K395A, D397A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 R394A Arg394Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D393A, benomyl resistant; with D393A, K395A, D397A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 K395A Lys395Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive; with D393A, R384A, D397A, recessive lethal Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 D396G Asp396Gly NP_001300652.1 (Tuba4a) M. musculus R4180:Tuba4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H10 H10 D397A Asp397Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive; with D393A, R384A, K395A recessive lethal; kinesin interaction Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 H10 L397P Leu397Pro NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Bahi-Buisson et al. 2008. J Med Genet 45:647-53 Homo sapiens, human
H10 A400T Ala400Thr NP_033474.1 (Tuba1c) M. musculus R6397:Tuba1c, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H10 C402Y Cys402Tyr NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Hikita et al. 2014. Brain Dev 36:159-62 Homo sapiens, human
H10 K402A Lys402Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R403A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H10 R402C Arg402Cys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Keays et al. 2007. Cell 128:45-57, Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64, Morris-Rosendahl et al. 2008. Clin Genet 74:425-33, Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
H10 R402H Arg402His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA3 Keays et al. 2007. Cell 128:45-57, Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64, Morris-Rosendahl et al. 2008. Clin Genet 74:425-33, Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H10 R402L Arg402Leu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Morris-Rosendahl et al. 2008. Clin Genet 74:425-33, Sohal et al. 2012. Pediatr Neurol 46:127-31 Homo sapiens, human
R403A Arg403Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With K402A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive; kinesin interaction Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L404H Leu404His NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R5617:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H406R His406Arg NP_033474.1 (Tuba1c) M. musculus R2261:Tuba1c, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H406R His406Arg NP_033474.1 (Tuba1c) M. musculus R2262:Tuba1c, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
W407X Trp407Stop NP_193232.1 (TUA6) A. thaliana Suppressor of lefty mutation (A180T α-tubulin TUA6) Thitamadee et al. 2002. Nature 417:193-6 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
W407X Trp407Stop NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
V409A Val409Ala NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
G410X G410stop NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus IGL02725:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E412A Glu412Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E415A, cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
M413I Met413Ile NP_033475.1 (Tuba3b) M. musculus R4993:Tuba3b, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
G414R Gly414Arg NP_001251213.1 (TBA-1) C. elegans Synapse & axon defects (tba-1) Baran et al. 2010. PLoS One 5 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
E415A Glu415Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E412A, cold sensitive, temperature sensitive, benomyl supersensitive; kinesin interaction Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E415K Glu415Lys NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Touch sensitive Hsu et al. 2014. PLoS Genetic 10, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
E415V Glu415Val NP_059075.1 (Tuba8) M. musculus R2513:Tuba8, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H11 E416A Glu416Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E418A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive; kinesin interaction Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 G416E Gly416Glu NP_497663.1 (MEC12) C. elegans Vesicle targeting defects and neurite degeneration Hsu et al. 2014. PLoS Genetic 10, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H11 H11 E418A Glu418Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E416A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive; kinesin interaction Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 F418I Phe418Ile XP_002364807.1 (α1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S α-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H11 H11 S419L Ser419Leu NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly, TUBA1A Poirier et al. 2007. Hum Mutat 28:1055-64 Homo sapiens, human
H11 H11 E421A Glu421Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R423A, E424A, D425A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive; kinesin interaction Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 A422V Ala422Val AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive lethal Guenette et al. 1995. J Cell Sci 108:1195-204 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 R422C Arg422Cys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Bahi-Buisson et al. 2008. J Med Genet 45:647-53 Homo sapiens, human
H11 H11 R422H Arg422His NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Bahi-Buisson et al. 2008. J Med Genet 45:647-53, Morris-Rosendahl et al. 2008. Clin Genet 74:425-33, Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H11 H11 Y422H Tyr422His NP_595106.1 (Atb2) S. pombe Temperature sensitive lethal, polarity mutant Radcliffe et al. 1998. Mol Biol Cell 9:1757-71 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
H11 H11 R423A Glu424Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E421A, E424A, D425A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 E424A Glu424Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E421A, R423A, D425A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 D425A Asp425Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E421A, R423A, E424A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 M425K Met425Lys NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Kumar et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:2817-27 Homo sapiens, human
H11 H11 E426K Glu426Lys AAF50226.2 (α-Tubulin67C) D. melanogaster Female sterile, α-tubulin67C Venkei and Szabad. 2005. Mol Genet Genomics 273:283-9, Gaspar and Szabad. 2009. J Cell Sci 122:2857-65 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H11 H11 E429Q Glu429Gln NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H11 H11 E430A Glu430Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With R431A and D432A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 E430D Glu430Asp NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus Z1088:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H11 H11 K430N Lys430Asn NP_005991.1 (TUBA4A) H. sapiens Familial ALS association Smith et al. 2014. Neuron 84:324-31 Homo sapiens, human
H11 H11 D431E Asp431Glu NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R4700:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H11 H11 R431A Arg431Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E430A and D432A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 D432A Asp432Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E430A and R431A, slow growth, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 Y432C Tyr432Cys NP_033474.1 (Tuba1c) M. musculus R4939:Tuba1c, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H11 H11 E435A Glu435Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With D439A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H11 H11 G436R Gly436Arg NP_001257328.1 (TUBA1A) H. sapiens Lissencephaly mutation (TUBA1A) Bahi-Buisson et al. 2008. J Med Genet 45:647-53 Homo sapiens, human
D439A Asp439Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E435A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E443A Glu443Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E444A, E445A, E446A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E443Q Glu443Gln AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E444Q, E445Q, E446Q, increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E443X Glu443Stop AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D444N Asp444Asn NP_033474.1 (Tuba1c) M. musculus IGL02190:Tuba1c, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E444A Glu444Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E443A, E445A, E446A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E444Q Glu444Gln AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E443Q, E445Q, E446Q, increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E445A Glu445Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E443A, E444A, E446A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E445Q Glu445Gln AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E443Q, E444Q, E446Q, increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E446A Glu446Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E443A, E444A, E445A, benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E446Q Glu446Gln AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae With E443Q, E444Q, E445Q, increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E447X Glu447Stop AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
F447A Phe447Ala AAA35180.1 S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Richards et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 11:1887-903 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
G447X Gly447X NP_001029051.2 (Tubal3) M. musculus R3545:Tubal3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse