β Tubulin Mutations

EM XRD AA1 AA3 Tubulin Gene (Isotype) Organism Phenotype Reference Keywords Notes
S13 R2A Arg2Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E3A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S13 R2G Arg2Gly P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens With S316F, dystonia and ataxic gait Lohmann et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:537-45, Hersheson et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:546-53 Homo sapiens, human
S13 R2H Arg2His XP_022264614.1 C. familiaris Macrothrombocytopenia Gelain et al. 2014. Vet Clin Pathol 43:317-21 Canis familiaris, dog
S13 R2K Arg2Lys Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32 Homo sapiens, human
S13 R2Q Arg2Gln P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination, basal ganglia and cerebellum atrophy (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30, Miyatake et al. 2014. Neurology 82:2230-7 Homo sapiens, human
S13 R2W Arg2Trp P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination, basal ganglia and cerebellum atrophy (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S13 E3A Glu3Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R2A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S13 E3D Glu3Asp NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster Intragenic suppressor of B2tD allele (Glu194Lys) Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
S13 E3G Glu3Gly NP_035785.1 (Tubb5) M. musculus R6384:Tubb5, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S15 S13 H6L His6Leu NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1992. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:170-4 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S15 S13 H6Q His6Gln J9W1R2 C. neoformans Benzimidazole resistant Cruz et al. 1997. Microbiology 143:2003-8 Cryptococcus neoformans, yeast, fungus
S15 S13 H6Y His6Tyr NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1992. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:170-4 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S15 S13 H6Y His6Tyr Q7Z7U2 M. fructicola Benzimidazole resistant Ma et al. 2003. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:7145-52 Monilinia fructicola, fungus
S15 S13 H6Y His6Tyr AAB25800.1 S. nodorum Benomyl resistant (aka Parastagonospora nodorum) Cooley and Caten. 1993. Mol Gen Genet 237:58-64 Stagonospora nodorum, Parastagonospora nodorum, fungus
H12 C12A Cys12Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae No phenotype Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 C12S Cys12Ser NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Lethal mutation Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 G13A Gly13Ala Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Cerebellar dysplasia Oegema et al. 2015. Hum Mol Genet 24:5213-25 Homo sapiens, human
H12 H12 Q15K Gln15Lys BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Circumferential Skin Creases Kunze Type Isrie et al. 2015. Am J Hum Genet. 97:790-800 Homo sapiens, human
H12 H12 Q15K Gln15Lys NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Microcephaly phenotypes, TUBB5 Madrigal et al. 2019. Gene 19:30101-5 Homo sapiens, human
H12 H12 A18P Ala18Pro EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H12 H12 A19K Ala19Lys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Required for Taxol binding Gupta et al. 2003. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6394-7 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 E22A Glu22Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E27A and D31A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 T23V Thr23Val NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Required for Taxol binding Gupta et al. 2003. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6394-7 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 I24V Ile24Val NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus IGL02534:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H12 H12 C25A Cys25Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 C25S Cys25Ser NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 S25F Ser25Phe NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H12 H12 S25L Ser25Leu NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster B2t mutation, testes specific tubulin Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H12 H12 S25N Ser25Asn NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens 2-methoxyestradiol resistant Liaw et al. 2008. Mol Cancer Ther 7:3150-9 Homo sapiens, human
H12 H12 D26E Asp26Glu AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H12 H12 G26D Gly26Asp NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Required for Taxol binding Gupta et al. 2003. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6394-7 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12 H12 N26E Asn26Glu NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Paclitaxel resistant, correlation Hari et al. 2006. Mol Cancer Ther 5:270-8 Homo sapiens, human
H12 E27A Glu27Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E22A and D31A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H12-S16 H12-S14 ΔE27-A33 ΔGlu27-Ala33 Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
S16 S14 D31A Asp31Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E22A and E27A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S16 S14 D31V Asp31Val NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1969:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
T33S Thr33Ser NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T35N mutation
S17 S15 G34S Gly34Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild recessive Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S17 S15 G34S Gly34Ser EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S17 S15 V34M Val34Met NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive microtubules Pasqualone et al. 1994. J Cell Biol 127:1973-84 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S17 S15 T35N Thr35Asn NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, also contains T33S mutation Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T33S mutation
S17 S15 Q37Q* Gln37 AAG15328.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability, CrTbB2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
S17 S15 Q37Q* Gln37 AAG15315.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S17 S15 Q37Q* Gln37 AAG15317.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S17 G38E Gly38Glu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans No defects Freson et al. 2005. Blood 106:2356-62, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S17 G38W Gly38Trp NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R2440:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S17 R38R* Arg38 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
D39G Asp39Gly AAB18929.1 C. griseus With F85L, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
D40A Asp40Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D41A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D41A Asp41Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D40A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
Q42Q* Gln42 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
Q42Q* Gln42 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
Q43P Gln43Pro NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Macrothrombocytopenia, disproven? Kunishima et al. 2009. Blood 113:458-61 Homo sapiens, human
K44A Lys44Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E45A and R46A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L44P Leu44Pro XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, N332A, V333I, N335S, T351V, A365S, and Q292R mutations
D45Y Asp45Tyr AAB18929.1 C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant (CHO cells) Hari et al. 2003. Mol Cancer Therap 2:597-605, Wang et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:8965-73 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
E45A Glu45Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K44A and R46A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E45D Glu45Asp NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S, V64I, V170M, C201S, A296S, and V316I mutations
E45D Glu45Asp NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V316I, N48S, V64I, V170M, C201S, and A296S mutations
E45D Glu45Asp XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive lobular, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S and V64I mutations
E45V Glu45Val NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R4249:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
R46A Arg46Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K44A and E45A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
N48S Asn48Ser NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains E45D, V64I, V170M, C201S, A296S, and V316I mutations
N48S Asn48Ser NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V316I, E45D, V64I, V170M, C201S, and A296S mutations
N48S Asn48Ser XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive lobular, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V64I and E45D mutations
S18 S16 D50Y Asp50Tyr AGL95857.1 F. moniliforme Benomyl resistant, cold sensitive Yan and Dickman. 1996. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3053-6 Fusarium moniliforme, fungus
S18 S16 Y50C Tyr50Cys AAP68979.1 (β2) G. zeae Carbendazim resistant, (aka F. graminearum) Qiu et al. 2011. Pest Man Sci 67:191-8 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S18 S16 I52I* Ile52 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S18 S16 N52K Asn52Lys NP_035785.1 (Tubb5) M. musculus R1666:Tubb5, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S18 S16 E53K Glu53Lys NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R0939:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S18 S16 C55C* Cys55 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S19 G56D Gly56Asp NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster B2t mutation, testes specific tubulin Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
S19 Q56Q* Gln56 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S19 R56R* Arg56 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S19 T56T* Thr56 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S19 T56T* Thr56 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
S19 S17 K58A Lys58Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R62A, cold sensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S19 S17 V60A Val60Ala AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant, with E376G paclitaxel resistant, suppressor of Asp45Tyr mutation/paclitaxel hypersensitive (CHO cells) Wang et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:8965-73, Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S19 S17 V60F Val60Phe NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens A549 human lung carcinoma cell line EpoB step up selection Yang et al. 2005. Mol Cancer Ther 4:987-95 Homo sapiens, human
S19 S17 P61A Pro61Ala EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S19 S17 P61L Pro61Leu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S19 S17 P61S Pro61Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S19 S17 R62A Arg62Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K58A, cold sensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S19 S17 R62Q Arg62Gln AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Extraocular congenital fibrosis syndrome (CFEOM3) Tischfield et al. 2010. Cell 140:74-87 Homo sapiens, human
S19 S18 V64I Val64Ile NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans No defects Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S19 S18 V64I Val64Ile NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V316I, N48S, E45D, V170M, C201S, and A296S mutations
S19 S18 V64I Val64Ile NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S, E45D, V170M, C201S, A296S, and V316I mutations
S19 S18 V64I Val64Ile XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive lobular, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S and E45D mutations
S20 S18 V66A Val66Ala NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus IGL00956:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S20 S18 D67A Asp67Ala NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1658:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S20 S18 D67A Asp67Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E69A, wild-type; with E69A and G71W, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S20 S18 D67N Asp67Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
S18 E69A Glu69Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E67A, wild-type; with E67A and G71W, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S18 E69Q Glu69Gln CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
H13 G71W Gly71Trp NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D67A and E69A, wild-type; with D74A and R77A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 T72A Thr72Ala NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R3784:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 Q73R Gln73Arg AAP68979.1 G. zeae Benzimidazole resistant (aka F. graminearum) Chen et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:1403-11 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
H13 D74A Asp74Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With G71W and R77A, recessive lethal; with R77A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 F76V Phe76Val AAA29170.1 H. contortus Associated with benzimidazole resistant Kwa et al. 1994. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63:299-303 Haemonchus contortus, nematode, barber's pole worm
D77A Asp74Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With G71W and D74A, recessive lethal; with D74A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S79K Ser79Lys AAF22514.1 Pestalotiopsis sp. Carbendazim-resistant Kummanid et al. 2016 J Phytopathol 165:515-21 Ascomycete fungus
G82D Gly82Asp EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
G82R Gly82Arg AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Malformation of cortical development Poirier et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:4462-73 Homo sapiens, human
V84V* Val84 AAC78686.1 (β1-tubulin) G. morhua Cold stable microtubules Modig et al. 1999. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 42:315-30 Gadus morhua, extremophile, Atlantic cod, fish
F85L Phe85Leu AAB18929.1 C. griseus With D39G, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
F85L Phe85Leu EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
R86A Arg86Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D88A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D88A Asp88Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R86A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S21 S19 S89N Ser89Asn NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1869:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S95F Ser95Phe NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
T95M Thr95Met NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R4880:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
G96D Gly96Asp NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
G96E Gly96Glu NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster B2t mutation, testes specific tubulin Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
G96R Gly96Arg P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy Lu et al. 2017. Hum Genome Var 4:17035 Homo sapiens, human
S96F Ser96Phe NP_177706.1 (TUB1) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB1 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
A97T Ala97Thr NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R1926:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
A97V Ala97Val NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild recessive Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
G98R Gly98Arg Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria, microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism, oocyst arrest Cushion et al. 2013. Brain 136:536-48, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
G98R Gly98Arg NP_817124.1 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Arrest in oocyte maturation Wang et al. 2018. Gynecol Endocrinol Homo sapiens, human
V100M Val100Met NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive mitotic arrest Pasqualone et al. 1994. J Cell Biol 127:1973-84 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
W101X Trp101Stop NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
V102A Ser79Lys AAF22514.1 Pestalotiopsis sp. Carbendazim-resistant Kummanid et al. 2016 J Phytopathol 165:515-21 Ascomycete fungus
K103M Lys103Met NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Reduced GTP hydrolysis and tubulin critical concentration Davis et al. 1994. Science 264:839-42 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T107G Thr107Gly NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Haploid lethal, enhanced GTP hydrolysis, critical concentration, & dynamic instability Davis et al. 1994. Science 264:839-42 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T107K Thr107Lys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Haploid lethal, enhanced GTP hydrolysis, critical concentration, & dynamic instability Davis et al. 1994. Science 264:839-42 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T107K Thr107Lys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Haploid lethal, slowed MT dynamics Sage et al. 1995. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 30:285-300 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T107W Thr107Trp NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Haploid lethal, enhanced GTP hydrolysis, critical concentration, & dynamic instability Dougherty et al. 1998. Biochemistry 37:10861-5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E108A Glu108Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E111A, cold sensitive, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E108K Glu108Lys NP_817124.1 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Complete cleavage failure in fertilized eggs Yuan et al. 2018. J Assist Reprod Genet Homo sapiens, human
G109E Gly109Glu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
E111A Glu111Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E108A, cold sensitive, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L112P Leu112Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T351V, A364S, and V365S mutations
H13 I113N Ile113Asn NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R5154:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 H14 D114A Asp114Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D118A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 H14 D114N Asp114Asn NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster B2t mutation, testes specific tubulin Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H13 H14 L117P Leu117Pro Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Symmetric polymicrogyria and pachygyria Guerrini et al. 2012. Eur J Hum Genet 20:995-8 Homo sapiens, human
H13 H14 D118A Asp118Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D114A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 H14 V119E Val119Glu NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R6351:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 H14 R121A Arg121Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R122A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 H14 K122E Lys122Glu EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H13 H14 R122A Arg122Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R121A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 H14 E123A Glu123Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 H14 A124C Ala124Cys XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S126N, I155V, V189I, T218A, and C239S
H13 H14 S124G Ser124Gly NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1317:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 H14 S124G Ser124Gly NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1751:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 H14 S124G Ser124Gly NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1761:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 H14 S124R Ser124Arg NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus IGL01877:Tubb1 , viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H13 H14 E125A Glu125Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D128A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H13 H14 E126E* Glu126 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H13 H14 S126N Ser126Asn XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A124C, I155V, V189I, T218A, and C239S
C127A Cys127Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Wild-type Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
C127S Cys127Ser NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Wild-type Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D128A Asp128Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E125A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S22 S20 G140A Gly140Ala Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Axonal guidance and cortical development defects Romaniello et al. 2014. Dev Med Child Neurol 56:354-60 Homo sapiens, human
G141E Gly141Glu NP_497806.1 (tbb-2) C. elegans Misplaced mitotic spindle Ellis et al. 2004. J Cell Sci 117:457-64 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
G141E Gly141Glu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
G141E Gly141Glu AAI47699.1 (β1) M. musculus GTP binding motif mutation, folding mutant, cannot polymerize Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
G141R Gly141Arg NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
ΔT143 ΔThr143 Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
T143G Thr143Gly NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Reduced GTP affinity, decreased GTPase activity, stable MTs Dougherty et al. 1998. Biochemistry 37:10861-5, Dougherty et al. 2001. Biochemistry 40:15725-32 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H15 S145A Ser145Ala XP_018180995.1 P. lilacinus With T185A and F200Y, carbendazim resistant Yang et al. 2015. Eur J Plant Pathol 143:57-68 Paecilomyces lilacinus, fungus
H14 H15 G146C Gly146Cys AAI47699.1 (β1) M. musculus GTP binding motif mutation, folding mutant, cannot polymerize Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H14 H15 M147F Met147Phe AAI47699.1 (β1) M. musculus With G148T, GTP binding motif mutation, folding mutant, cannot polymerize Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H14 H15 M147K Met147Lys AAI47699.1 (β1) M. musculus GTP binding motif mutation, folding mutant, cannot polymerize Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H14 H15 G148R Gly148Arg NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H14 H15 G148S Gly148Ser AAI47699.1 (β1) M. musculus GTP binding motif mutation, folding mutant, cannot polymerize Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H14 H15 G148T Gly148Thr AAI47699.1 (β1) M. musculus With M147F, GTP binding motif mutation, folding mutant, cannot polymerize Zabala et al. 1996. J Cell Sci 109:1471-8 Mus musculus, mouse
H14 H15 T149I Thr149Ile NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H14 H15 I152F Ile152Phe NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K154A and R156A, cold sensitive; with R156K, E157A, E158A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H14 H15 I152T Ile152Thr NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains C239L, L240P, R241P, and L273P mutations
H14 H15 K154A Lys154Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R156A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H14 H15 I155V Ile155Val NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mixed, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains K324R and L331H mutations
H14 H15 I155V Ile155Val XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A124C, S126N, V189I, T218A, and C239S
H14 H15 R156A Arg156Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With I152F and K154A, cold sensitive; with K154A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H14 H15 R156K Arg156Lys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With I152F, E157A, E158A, recessive lethal; with E157A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H14 H15 R156L Arg156Leu P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Static hypomyelinating leukodystrophy Purnell et al. 2014. Pediatr Neurol 50:608-11 Homo sapiens, human
H14 H15 E157A Glu157Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With I152F, E157A, E158A, recessive lethal; with E156K, benomyl supersensitive; with E158A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H14 H15 E158A Glu158Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With I152F, E157A, E158A, recessive lethal; with E157A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
Y159H Tyr159His NP_035785.1 (Tubb5) M. musculus R6478:Tubb5, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
D161A Asp161Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R162A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S23 R162A Arg162Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D161A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S23 R162Q Arg162Gln NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S23 S21 I163V Ile163Val NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus P0022:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S23 S21 I163V Ile163Val NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus IGL02343:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S23 S21 M164T Met164Thr NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus IGL02253:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S23 S21 A165V Ala165Val NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1990. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 17:87-94 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S23 S21 E165K Glu165Lys XP_001455125.1 P. tetraurelia Nocodazole resistant Ruiz et al. 2004. Eukaryot Cell 3:212-20 Paramecium tetraurelia, ciliate
S23 S21 T166A Thr166Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, S239C, T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, and V351T mutations
S23 S21 F167Y Phe167Tyr AAA33617.1 N. crassa Benomyl resistant Orbach et al. 1986. Mol Cell Biol 6:2452-61 Neurospora crassa, fungus, red bread mold
S23 S21 F167Y Phe167Tyr AAP68979.1 G. zeae Benzimidazole resistant (aka F. graminearum) Chen et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:1403-11 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S23 S21 F167Y Phe167Tyr NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benzimidazole resistant, ben ss, cold sensitive Li et al. 1996. FEBS Lett 385:7-10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S23 S21 V170M Val170Met NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V316I, N48S, E45D, V64I, C201S, and A296S mutations
S23 S21 V170M Val170Met NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S, E45D, V64I, C201S, A296S, and V316I mutations
S23 S21 V170M Val170Met NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human
S23 S21 P171L Pro171Leu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S23 S21 P171S Pro171Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S21 S172A Ser172Ala BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens HTI-286 (hemiasterlin derivative) resistant Poruchynsky et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:13944-54 Homo sapiens, human
S21 S172A Ser172Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold & benomyl sensitive, synthetic lethal with Bik1p, Bim1p or Kar3p Caudron et al. 2010. PLoS One 5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S21 S172E Ser172Glu NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold & benomyl sensitive, synthetic lethal with Bik1p, Bim1p and Kar3p Caudron et al. 2010. PLoS One 5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S21 S172P Ser172Pro NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S21 S172P Ser172Pro Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jaglin et al. 2009. Nat Genet 41:746-52, Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
L173L* Leu173 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
P173A Pro173Ala BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Epothilone resistant He et al. 2001. Mol Cancer Ther 1:3-10 Homo sapiens, human
P173L Pro173Leu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
P173L Pro173Leu Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
K174A Lys174Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D177A, cold sensitive, Benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T175R Thr175Arg NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With V179R, blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S176F Ser176Phe NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S176L Ser176Leu Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32, Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
S176P Ser176Pro NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R0195:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
D177A Asp177Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K174A, cold sensitive, Benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D177G Asp177Gly AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
D177G Asp177Gly NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mixed breast cancer, also contains a C239R mutation Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains a C239R mutation
D177N Asp177Asn AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
D177N Asp177Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
T178A Thr178Ala AAB18929.1 C. griseus With N416D, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
T178I Thr178Ile NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
T178M Thr178Met AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Malformation of cortical development Poirier et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:4462-73 Homo sapiens, human
T178R Thr178Arg P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy Miyatake et al. 2014. Neurology 82:2230-7 Homo sapiens, human
V179A Val179Ala NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
V179L Val179Leu NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus IGL02208:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
V179R Val179Arg NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With T175R, blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
V180A Val180Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S365A, and I374T mutations
V180A Val180Ala NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R5054:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H16 A181A* Ala181 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H16 E181A Glu181Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H15 H16 T183T* Thr183 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H15 H16 A185T Ala185Thr BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2010. Mol Cancer Ther 9:327-35 Homo sapiens, human
H15 H16 T185A Thr185A XP_018180995.1 P. lilacinus With S145A and F200Y, carbendazim resistant Yang et al. 2015. Eur J Plant Pathol 143:57-68 Paecilomyces lilacinus, fungus
H15 H16 L187R Leu187Arg AAB18929.1 C. griseus Destabilized tubulin Wang et al. 2006. J Biol Chem 281:13628-35 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H15 H16 S188F Ser188Phe NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H15 H16 I189V Ile189Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A218T, A275S, S364A, Q291R, K297R, R320P, and T386S mutations
H15 H16 I189V Ile189Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S239C, T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, and T166A mutations
H15 H16 V189I Val189Ile XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A124C, S126N, I155V, T218A, and C239S
H16 P190P* Pro190 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H16 E194A Glu194Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With H195A and E198A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 E194A Glu194Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D197A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 E194K Glu194Lys NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster B2t mutation, testes specific tubulin Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H195A His195Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E194 and E198A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
N195S Asn195Ser NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R2412:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S24 S22 D197A Asp197Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E194A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S24 S22 D197G Asp197Gly NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R4609:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S24 S22 D197N Asp197Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
S24 S22 D197N Asp197Asn BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens 2-Methoxyestradiol resistant Liaw et al. 2008. Mol Cancer Ther 7:3150-9 Homo sapiens, human
S24 S22 E198A Glu198Ala AAB60307.1 (benA) B. cinerea Benomyl resistant Yarden. 1993. Phyotopathology 83 Botrytis cinerea, fungus
S24 S22 E198A Glu198Ala AAP68979.1 (β2) F. asiaticum Benzimidazole resistant (aka Gibberella zeae) Yang et al. 2018. Pest Biochem Physiol 145:15-21 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S24 S22 E198A Glu198Ala Q7Z7U2 M. fructicola Benomyl resistant Ma et al. 2003. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:7145-52 Monilinia fructicola, fungus
S24 S22 E198A Glu198Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E194A and H195A, benomyl resistant; benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S24 S22 E198D Glu198Asp NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1992. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:170-4 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S24 S22 E198G Glu198Gly BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Taxol resistant Wiesen et al. 2007. Cancer Lett 257:227-35 Homo sapiens, human
S24 S22 E198G Glu198Gly AAA33617.1 N. crassa Carbendazim resistant, diethofencarb sensitive Fujimura et al. 1992. Curr Genet 21:399-404 Neurospora crassa, fungus, red bread mold
S24 S22 E198K Glu198Lys NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1992. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:170-4 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S24 S22 E198K Glu198Lys AAB60307.1 (benA) B. cinerea Benomyl resistant Yarden. 1993. Phyotopathology 83 Botrytis cinerea, fungus
S24 S22 E198K Glu198Lys NP_497806.1 (tbb-2) C. elegans Disrupted spindle orientation, tbb-2 Wright and Hunter. 2003. Mol Biol Cell 14:4512-25 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S24 S22 E198K Glu198Lys U14138 C. gloeosporioides Benomyl resistant Buhr et al. 1994. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:4155-9 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, anthracnose, fungus
S24 S22 E198K Glu198Lys AAP68979.1 (β2) G. zeae Carbendazim resistant, (aka F. graminearum) Qiu et al. 2011. Pest Man Sci 67:191-8 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S24 S22 E198L Glu198Leu AAP68979.1 (β2) G. zeae Benzimidazole resistant, carbendazim resistant (aka F. graminearum) Chen et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:1403-11, Qiu et al. 2011. Pest Man Sci 67:191-8 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S24 S22 E198Q Glu198Gln NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1992. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:170-4 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S24 S22 E198Q Glu198Gln AAP68979.1 (β2) G. zeae Carbendazim resistant, (aka F. graminearum) Qiu et al. 2011. Pest Man Sci 67:191-8 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S24 S22 E198V Glu198Val AAB60307.1 (benA) B. cinerea Benomyl resistant Yarden. 1993. Phyotopathology 83 Botrytis cinerea, fungus
S24 S22 E200K Glu200Lys AAB60307.1 (benA) B. cinerea Benomyl resistant Yarden. 1993. Phyotopathology 83 Botrytis cinerea, fungus
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr Q2QJK8 (Tub1) A. caninum Benzimidazole resistant Furtado et al. 2014. Vet Parasitol 206:313-6 Ancylostoma caninum, nematode, hookworm
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr NP_524290.2 (B2tD) A. nidulans Benomyl resistant Jung et al. 1992. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:170-4 Aspergillus nidulans, fungus
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr AAP68979.1 G. zeae Benzimidazole resistant, carbendazim resistant (aka F. graminearum) Chen et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:1403-11, Qiu et al. 2011. Pest Man Sci 67:191-8 Gibberella zeae, Fusarium graminearum, fungus
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr AAA29170.1 H. contortus Benzimidazole resistant Kwa et al. 1994. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63:299-303 Haemonchus contortus, nematode, barber's pole worm
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr Unavailable N. battus Benzimidazole resistant Morrisson et al. 2014. Vet Res 45:116 Nematodirosis battus, roundworm
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr AAA33617.1 N. crassa Benomyl resistant Orbach et al. 1986. Mol Cell Biol 6:2452-61 Neurospora crassa, fungus, red bread mold
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr XP_018180995.1 P. lilacinus With S145A and T185A, carbendazim resistant Yang et al. 2015. Eur J Plant Pathol 143:57-68 Paecilomyces lilacinus, fungus
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr P05219 S. pombe Increased microtubule stability, delayed mitotic exit Paluh et al. 2004. Mol Biol Chem 15:1160-71 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fission yeast, fungus
S24 S22 F200Y Phe200Tyr Unavailable T. circumcincta Benomyl resistant Elard et al. 1999. Parasitol Res 85:452-6, Skuce et al. 2010. Int J Parasitol 40:1247-55 Teladorsagia circumcincta, nematode
S24 S22 C201A Cys201Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S24 S22 C201S Cys201Ser NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S, E45D, V64I, V170M, A296S, and V316I mutations
S24 S22 C201S Cys201Ser NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V316I, N48S, E45D, V64I, V170M, and A296S mutations
S24 S22 F202F* Phe202 AAG15328.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability, CrTbB2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
S24 S22 F202F* Phe202 AAG15328.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability, CrTbB5 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
S24 S22 F202F* Phe202 AAA49393.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB1 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S24 S22 F202F* Phe202 AAG15315.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB2 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S24 S22 F202F* Phe202 AAG15316.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB3 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S24 S22 F202F* Phe202 AAG15317.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB4 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S24 S22 D203A Asp203Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E205A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S24 S22 D203N Asp203Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
S24 S22 D203S Asp203Ser NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Mutation to the GTP binding site, non-viable as haploid Sage et al. 1995. Biochemistry 34:7409-19 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 H17 E205A Glu205Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D203A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 H17 E205K Glu205Lys AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Malformation of cortical development Poirier et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:4462-73 Homo sapiens, human
H16 H17 L207P Leu207Pro Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Cushion et al. 2013. Brain 136:536-48 Homo sapiens, human
H16 H17 D209A Asp209Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 H17 D209N Asp209Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
H16 H17 I210T Ile210Thr AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H16 H17 I210T Ile210Thr Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jaglin et al. 2009. Nat Genet 41:746-52 Homo sapiens, human
H16 H17 I210V Ile210Val Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
H16 H17 C211A Cys211Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 H17 C211F Cys211Phe AAB18929.1 C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H16 H17 C211S Cys211Ser NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Wild-type Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 H17 Q212Q* Gln212 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
H16 H17 Q212Q* Gln212 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
H16 R213A Arg213Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K216A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H16 R213C Arg213Cys NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus IGL01534:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
T214P Thr214Pro NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
L215F Leu215Phe AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol dependent, decreased microtubule assembly Gonzalez-Garray et al. 1999. J Biol Chem 274:23875-82 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
L215H Leu215His AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol resistant Gonzalez-Garray et al. 1999. J Biol Chem 274:23875-82, Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
L215I Leu215Ile AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol resistant Wang et al. 2006. Biochemistry 45:185-94 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
L215R Leu215Arg AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol resistant Gonzalez-Garray et al. 1999. J Biol Chem 274:23875-82 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
L215V Leu215Val AAD24566.1 C. griseus Negligible Taxol resistant Wang et al. 2006. Biochemistry 45:185-94 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
K216A Lys216Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R213A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
L217N Leu217Asn AAB18929.1 C. griseus Taxol resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
L217P Leu217Pro AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
L217R Leu217Arg AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol resistant Gonzalez-Garray et al. 1999. J Biol Chem 274:23875-82 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
A218T Ala218Thr NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A275S, S364A, Q291R, K297R, R320P, and T386S mutations
T218A Thr218Ala XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A124C, S126N, I155V, V189I, and C239S
P220C Pro220Cys AAD24566.1 C. griseus Correlated with paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
P220L Pro220Leu AAD24566.1 C. griseus Correlated with paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
P220S Pro220Ser NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
P220S Pro220Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Kirszenblat et al. 2013. Mol Biol Chem 24:285-96, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
P220S Pro220Ser AAD24566.1 C. griseus Correlated with colcemid resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
P220T Pro220Thr AAD24566.1 C. griseus Correlated with colcemid resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
P220V Pro220Val AAD24566.1 C. griseus Correlated with paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S221S* Ser221 AAC78686.1 (β1-tubulin) G. morhua Cold stable microtubules Modig et al. 1999. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 42:315-30 Gadus morhua, extremophile, Atlantic cod, fish
T221I Thr221Ile NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Microcephaly phenotypes, TUBB5 Madrigal et al. 2019. Gene 19:30101-5 Homo sapiens, human
Y222F Tyr221Phe NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Microcephaly phenotypes, TUBB5 Madrigal et al. 2019. Gene 19:30101-5 Homo sapiens, human
Y222F Tyr222Phe BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Circumferential Skin Creases Kunze Type Isrie et al. 2015. Am J Hum Genet. 97:790-800 Homo sapiens, human
H18 D224N Asp224Asn AAB18929.1 C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H18 D224N Asp224Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
H18 D226Y Asn226Tyr NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H17 H18 H227R His227Arg NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R3913:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H17 H18 N227H Asn227His NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Required for Taxol binding Gupta et al. 2003. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6394-7 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H17 H18 L228F Leu228Phe AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol dependent Gonzalez-Garray et al. 1999. J Biol Chem 274:23875-82 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H17 H18 L228H Leu228His AAD24566.1 C. griseus Taxol dependent Gonzalez-Garray et al. 1999. J Biol Chem 274:23875-82 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H17 H18 L228P Leu228Pro Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jaglin et al. 2009. Nat Genet 41:746-52 Homo sapiens, human
H17 H18 V229A Val229Ala Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32 Homo sapiens, human
H17 H18 A231T Ala231Thr BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Decreased microtubule stability Verrills et al. 2003. Chem Biol 10:597-607 Homo sapiens, human
H17 H18 V232V* Val232 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H17 H18 M233V Met233Val NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With Y242C and Q245L, cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H17 H18 S234G Ser234Gly AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H17 H18 S234N Ser234Asn AAB18929.1 C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H18 T237A Thr237Ala AAA33617.1 N. crassa Carbendazim resistant, diethofencarb sensitive Fujimura et al. 1992. Curr Genet 21:399-404 Neurospora crassa, fungus, red bread mold
T238A Thr238Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Spindle elongation defect Machin et al. 1995. Mol Biol Cell 6:1241-59, Geyer et al. 2015. eLife 4:1-20 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
T238H Thr238His NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains C239L, L240P, and R241P mutations
T238M Thr238Met Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
C239F Cys239Phe Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
C239F Cys239Phe P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
C239L Cys239Leu NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I152T, L240P, R241P, and L273P mutations
C239L Cys239Leu NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive lobular breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains L240P and R241P mutations
C239L Cys239Leu NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T238H, L240P, and R241P mutations
C239P Cys239Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains L240P and R241P mutations
C239R Cys239Arg NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mixed breast cancer, also contains a D177G mutation Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains a D177G mutation
C239R Cys239Arg XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, taxane treated Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human
C239S Cys239Ser XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A124C, S126N, I155V, V189I, and T218A
C239S Cys239Ser A7XGY7 P. sojae Zoxamide resistant Cai et al. 2016. Front Microbiol 7:762 Phytophthora sojae, oomycete
C239Y Cys239Tyr AEE32507.1 (TUB2) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB2 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
C239Y Cys239Tyr NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human
S239C Ser239Cys NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, and T166A mutations
L240I Leu240Ile BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Vinca resistant Kavallaris et al. 2001. Cancer Res 61:5803-9 Homo sapiens, human
L240P Leu240Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I152T, C239L, R241P, and L273P mutations
L240P Leu240Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains C239P and R241P mutations
L240P Leu240Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive lobular breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains C239L and L240P mutations
L240P Leu240Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T238H, C239L, and R241P mutations
R241H Arg241His Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Myoclonus-dystonia Geiger et al. 2017. Case Rep Neurol 9: 216-221 Homo sapiens, human
R241H Arg241His NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl resistant, cold stable Thomas et al. 1985. Genetics 111:715-34, Machin et al. 1996. Genetics 144:1363-73 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R241P Arg241Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I152T, C239L, L240P, and L273P mutations
R241P Arg241Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains C239P and L240P mutations
R241P Arg241Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive lobular breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains C239L and L240P mutations
R241P Arg241Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T238H, C239L, and L240P mutations
Y242C Tyr242Cys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With M233V and Q245L, cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S25 P243L Pro243Leu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S25 P243S Pro243Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S25 G244S Gly244Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S25 G244S Gly244Ser P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination, basal ganglia and cerebellum atrophy Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S25 G244V Gly244Val P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination, basal ganglia and cerebellum atrophy Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S25 G245E Gly245Glu NP_177706.1 (TUB1) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB1 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S25 Q245L Gln245Leu NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With M233V and Y242C, cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
N247I Asn247Ile NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
N247K Asn247Lys NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Simplified gyral patterning and infantile-onset epilepsy Cushion et al. 2014. Am J Hum Genet 94:634-41 Homo sapiens, human
N247S Asn247Ser Q9CWF2 (TUBB2B) M. musculus Hippocampal disorganization Stottmann et al. 2013. Hum Mol Genet 22:4053-63, Stottmann et al. 2017. Genes Brain Behav 16:250-259 Mus musculus, mouse
A248T Ala248Thr NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens 2-methoxyestradiol resistant Liaw et al. 2008. Mol Cancer Ther 7:3150-9 Homo sapiens, human
A248T Ala248Thr Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
A248V Ala248Val NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2010. Mol Cancer Ther 9:327-35 Homo sapiens, human
A248V Ala248Val NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Simplified gyral patterning and infantile-onset epilepsy Cushion et al. 2014. Am J Hum Genet 94:634-41 Homo sapiens, human
S248P Ser248Pro Unavailable N. plumbaginifolia Dinitroaniline resistant Emets et al. 2009. Tsitol Genet 43:69-76 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, tobacco plant
H18 D249A Asp249Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R251A and K252A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H18 D249E Asp249Glu NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S364A, S365V, M293V, and A352V mutations
H18 D249N Asp249Asn NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H18 D249N Asp249Asn XP_022264614.1 C. familiaris Inherited macrothrombocytopenia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Davis et al. 2008. J Vet Intern Med 22:540-5 Canis familiaris, dog
H18 D249N Asp249Asn P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Simons et al. 2013. Am J Hum Genet 92:767-73, Hersheson et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:546-53, Miyatake et al. 2014. Neurology 82:2230-7, Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
H18 H19 L250F Leu250Phe NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H18 H19 L250F Leu250Phe AAA33617.1 N. crassa Carbendazim resistant, diethofencarb sensitive Fujimura et al. 1992. Curr Genet 21:399-404 Neurospora crassa, fungus, red bread mold
H18 H19 R251A Arg251Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D249A and K252A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H18 H19 K252A Lys252Ala P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Acetylation mimetic tubulin, reduced MT incorporation Chu et al. 2011. Mol Biol Cell 22:448-56 Homo sapiens, human
H18 H19 K252A Lys252Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D249A and R251A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H18 H19 K252Q Lys252Gln P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Acetylation mimetic tubulin, reduced MT incorporation Chu et al. 2011. Mol Biol Cell 22:448-56 Homo sapiens, human
H18 H19 A254V Ala254Val AAB18929.1 C. griseus Suppressor of Asp45Tyr mutation/paclitaxel hypersensitive Wang et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:8965-73 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H18 H19 V255L Val255Leu AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H18 H19 V255M Val255Met NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H18 H19 V255M Val255Met Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
H18 H19 N256S Asn256Ser Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Symmetric polymicrogyria and pachygyria Guerrini et al. 2012. Eur J Hum Genet 20:995-8 Homo sapiens, human
F260S Phe260Ser NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Congenital macrothrombocytopenia Kunishima et al. 2014. Eur J Haematol 92:276-82 Homo sapiens, human
P261S Pro261Ser EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
R262A Arg262Ala AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Impaired kinesin activity Minoura et al. 2016. Nat Commun 7:10058 Homo sapiens, human
R262C Arg262Cys AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Extraocular congenital fibrosis syndrome (CFEOM3) Tischfield et al. 2010. Cell 140:74-87 Homo sapiens, human
R262H Arg262His AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Extraocular congenital fibrosis syndrome (CFEOM3), Moebius syndrome, increased MT stability MacKinnon et al. 2014. Opthalmology 121:1461-8, Ti et al. 2016. Dev Cell 37:72-84 Homo sapiens, human
R262H Arg262His P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination, hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy Miyatake et al. 2014. Neurology 82:2230-7 Homo sapiens, human
R262Q Arg2Gln Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32 Homo sapiens, human
R262W Arg262Trp Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
L263P Leu263Pro NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus IGL02669:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
L263Q Leu263Gln NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster Intragenic suppressor of B2tD allele (Glu194Lys) Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
S26 S23 H264Q His264Gln EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S26 S23 F265L Phe265Leu Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jaglin et al. 2009. Nat Genet 41:746-52 Homo sapiens, human
S26 S23 F265L Phe265Leu NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Impairs Bim1 (yeast EB1)-dependent spindle positioning Denarier et al. 2019. Biology Open 8 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S26 S23 S267S* Ser267 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S26 S23 S267S* Ser267 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
S26 S23 G269D Gly269Asp NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S26 S23 G269V Gly269Val EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S26 S23 S269S* Ser269 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S26 S23 S269S* Ser269 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
S26 S23 F270C Phe270Cys AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel and Taxol resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S26 S23 F270I Phe270Ile BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Docetaxel resistant Hara et al. 2010. Cell Biol Int 34:177-84 Homo sapiens, human
S26 S23 F270V Phe270Val AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S26 S23 F270V Phe270Val BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Paclitaxel resistant Giannakakou et al. 1997. J Biol Cell 272:17118-25, Burkhart et al. 2001. Biochim Biophys Acta 1497:1-9 Homo sapiens, human
S26 S23 Y270F Tyr270Phe NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Required for Taxol binding Gupta et al. 2003. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6394-7 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S26 S23 A271T Ala271Thr P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Dystonia and ataxic gait Hersheson et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:546-53, Lohmann et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:537-45 Homo sapiens, human
L273P Leu273Pro NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I152T, C239L, L240P, and R241P mutations
L273V Leu273Val NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens (KB3 cells) Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Homo sapiens, human
L273V Leu273Val EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
P273A Pro273Ala BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Epothilone resistant He et al. 2001. Mol Cancer Ther 1:3-10 Homo sapiens, human
T274I Thr274Ile BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Epothilone and taxane resistant Giannakakou et al. 2000. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:2904-9 Homo sapiens, human
A275S Ala275Ser NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A218T, S364A, Q291R, K297R, R320P, and T386S mutations
A275T Ala275Thr NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human
S275A Ser275Ala XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A315T, N332A, V333I, N335S, T351V, A365S, L44P and Q292R mutations
S275C Ser275Cys AAB18929.1 C. griseus With L395D, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
T276T* Thr276 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
T276T* Thr276 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
Q279X Gln279Stop NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
T279T* Thr279 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
T279T* Thr279 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
G280G* Gly280 AAA49393.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB1 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
Q280X Gln280Stop NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
C281C* Cys281 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
Y281H Tyr281His AAB18929.1 C. griseus With T372A, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
Y281X Tyr281stop NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R0309:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
R282A Arg282Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E288A, cold sensitive, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R282Q Arg282Gln BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Epothilone and taxane resistant Giannakakou et al. 2000. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:2904-9 Homo sapiens, human
H283H* His283 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
H283H* His283 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
S283S* Ser283 AAC78686.1 (β1-tubulin) G. morhua Cold stable microtubules Modig et al. 1999. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 42:315-30 Gadus morhua, extremophile, Atlantic cod, fish
S285S* Ser285 AAG15328.1 C. rastrospinosus Cold stability, CrTbB5 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Chionodraco rastrospinosus, extremophile, icefish
S285S* Ser285 AAA49393.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB1 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
S285S* Ser285 AAG15316.1 N. coriiceps Cold stability, NcTbB3 Detrich et al. 2000. J Biol Chem 275:37038-47 Notothenia coriiceps, extremophile, icefish
T285P Thr285Pro Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
H19 H20 V286D Val286Asp NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H19 H20 P287L Pro287Leu AEE32507.1 (TUB2) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB2 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H19 H20 P287L Pro287Leu AAA32882.1 (TUB3) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB3 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H19 H20 P287L Pro287Leu NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H19 H20 P287L Pro287Leu NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Shade avoidance Yu et al. 2015. J Integr Plant Biol 57:757-69 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H19 H20 E288A Glu288Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R282A, cold sensitive, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H19 H20 E288K Glu288Lys AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Cortical malformations with unilateral hypohidrosis Oegema et al. 2015. Hum Mol Genet 24:5213-25, Fukumura et al. 2016. Child Neurol Open 3:1-3 Homo sapiens, human
H19 H20 E288K Glu288Lys NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
H19 H20 E288K Glu288Lys NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster Recessive male sterile, testes specific β-tubulin isoform Rudolph et al. 1987. Mol Cell Biol 7:2231-42 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H19 H20 E288K Glu288Lys XP_001455125.1 P. tetraurelia Suppressor of sm-19 (β-tubulin allele) Ruiz et al. 2004. Eukaryot Cell 3:212-20 Paramecium tetraurelia, ciliate
H19 H20 E288K Glu288Lys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Modest supersensitive to benomyl Praitis et al. 1991. Mol Cell Biol 11:4726-31 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H19 H20 E288X Glu288stop NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus IGL02562:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H19 H20 Q291E Gln291Glu EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H19 H20 Q291M Gln291Met BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Increased peloruside sensitive Kanakkanthara et al. 2015. Cancer Lett 365:251-60 Homo sapiens, human
H19 H20 Q291R Gln291Arg NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A218T, A275S, S364A, K297R, R320P, and T386S mutations
H19 H20 E292H Glu292His AAB18929.1 C. griseus Suppressor of Asp45Tyr mutation/paclitaxel hypersensitive Wang et al. 2004. Biochemistry 43:8965-73 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H19 H20 Q292E Gln292Glu BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Epothilone resistant He et al. 2001. Mol Cancer Ther 1:3-10 Homo sapiens, human
H19 H20 Q292P Gln292Pro NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H19 H20 Q292R Gln292Arg XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, N332A, V333I, N335S, T351V, A365S, and L44P mutations
H19 H20 M293V Met293Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S364A, S365V, D249E, and A352V mutations
H20 D294H Asp294His Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
D295I Asp295Ile BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Peloruside and laulimalide resistant Kanakkanthara et al. 2015. Cancer Lett 365:251-60 Homo sapiens, human
D295N Asp295Asn CAA23687.1 (β2) G. gallus GTP binding site mutation Farr and Sternlicht. 1992. J Mol Biol 227:307-21 Gallus gallus, red junglefowl, chicken, bird
D295N Asp295Asn NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Mutation to the GTP binding site, viable as haploid Sage et al. 1995. Biochemistry 34:7409-19 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
A296S Ala296Ser NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S, E45D, V64I, V170M, C201S, and V316I mutations
A296S Ala296Ser NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V316I, N48S, E45D, V64I, V170M, and C201S mutations
A296T Ala296Thr BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Resistant to peloruside A Kanakkanthara et al. 2011. Mol Cancer Ther 10:1418-29 Homo sapiens, human
D296A Asp295Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D296A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
G296G* Gly296 AAC78686.1 (β1-tubulin) G. morhua Cold stable microtubules Modig et al. 1999. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 42:315-30 Gadus morhua, extremophile, Atlantic cod, fish
K297A Lys297Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K297A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K297R Lys297Arg NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A218T, A275S, S364A, Q291R, R320P, and T386S mutations
S24 N298D Asn298Asp NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R2940:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S24 N298K Asn298Lys NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Mutation to the GTP binding site, viable as haploid Sage et al. 1995. Biochemistry 34:7409-19 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S24 N298Q Asn298Gln NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Mutation to the GTP binding site, viable as haploid Sage et al. 1995. Biochemistry 34:7409-19 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S24 N298S Asn298Ser AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S24 I299T Ile299Thr NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1574:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S24 M299V Met299Val BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Microcephaly Breuss et al. 2012. Cell Rep 2:1554-62 Homo sapiens, human
S24 M299V Met299Val NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Microcephaly phenotypes, TUBB5 Madrigal et al. 2019. Gene 19:30101-5 Homo sapiens, human
S24 M300I Met300Ile Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32 Homo sapiens, human
S24 M300T Met300Thr NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S24 M300V Met300Val NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S24 M300V Met300Val NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R5276:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
A302T Ala302Thr NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
A302T Ala302Thr AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Extraocular congenital fibrosis syndrome (CFEOM3) Tischfield et al. 2010. Cell 140:74-87 Homo sapiens, human
A302V Ala302Val NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
A302V Ala302Val AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Malformation of cortical development Poirier et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:4462-73 Homo sapiens, human
C303G Cys303Gly NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R3012:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
C303S Cys303Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans No defects Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
C303Y Cys303Tyr NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
D304A Asp304Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R306A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D304G Asp304Gly NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R0043:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
P305L Pro305Leu NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R4660:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
R306A Arg306Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D304A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R306C Arg306Cys BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Resistant to peloruside A, laulimalide and Taxol Hasegawa et al. 2002. Int J Cancer 101:46-51, Berrieman et al. 2004. Lancet Oncol 5:158-64, Yin et al. 2010. Mol Cancer Ther 9:327-35, Kanakkanthara et al. 2011. Mol Cancer Ther 10:1418-29 Homo sapiens, human
R306H Arg306His BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Resistant to peloruside A and laulimalide Kanakkanthara et al. 2011. Mol Cancer Ther 10:1418-29 Homo sapiens, human
R307H Arg307His BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Associated with treatment failures in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Basciano et al. 2013. Br J Haematol 160:237-43 Homo sapiens, human
S27 G308C Gly308Cys NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus IGL03404:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S27 S25 R309A Arg309Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S27 S25 Y311Y* Tyr311 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S27 S25 T312N Thr312Asn NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R3951:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S28 S25 T313M Thr312Met Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Jaglin et al. 2009. Nat Genet 41:746-52 Homo sapiens, human
S28 S25 V313M Val313Met NP_497806.1 (tbb-2) C. elegans Misplaced mitotic spindle, tbb-2 Wright and Hunter. 2003. Mol Biol Cell 14:4512-25 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S28 S25 A314V Ala314Val NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S28 S25 A314V Ala314Val NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R2074:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S28 S25 A314V Ala314Val NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R2075:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S28 S25 A315T Ala315Thr XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, N332A, V333I, N335S, T351V, A365S, L44P and Q292R mutations
S28 S25 T315A Thr315Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S365A, V180A and I374T mutations
S28 S25 T315A Thr315Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, S239C, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, and T166A mutations
S28 S25 T315A Thr315Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S364A, S365V, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
S28 S25 S316F Ser316Phe P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens With R2G, dystonia and ataxic gait Hersheson et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:546-53, Lohmann et al. 2013. Ann Neurol 73:537-45 Homo sapiens, human
S28 S25 V316I Val316Ile NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N48S, E45D, V64I, V170M, C201S, and A296S mutations
S28 S25 F317I Phe317Ile NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S28 S25 F317S Phe317Ser Unavailable N. plumbaginifolia Dinitroaniline resistant Emets et al. 2009. Tsitol Genet 43:69-76 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, tobacco plant
S28 S25 R318A Arg318Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K320A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S28 S25 R318C Arg318Cys EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S28 S25 R318Q Arg318Gln NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S28 S25 R318X Arg318Stop NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S28 S25 R318W Arg318Trp BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens macrothrombocytopenia Kunishima et al. 2009. Blood 113:458-61 Homo sapiens, human
S28 S25 R318W Arg318Trp NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K320A Lys320Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R318A, benomyl resistant Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R320C Arg320Cys AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
R320P Arg320Pro NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A218T, A275S, S364A Q291R, K297R, and T386S mutations
S320S* Ser320 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S320S* Ser320 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S320S* Ser320 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
H21 M323R Met323Arg P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
H21 M323V Met323Val AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Malformation of cortical development Poirier et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:4462-73 Homo sapiens, human
H20 H21 K324A Lys324Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E325A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H20 H21 K324R Lys324Arg NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mixed, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I155V and L331H mutations
H20 H21 L324L* Leu324 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H20 H21 Q324Q* Gln324 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H20 H21 E325A Glu325Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K324A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H20 H21 V326A Val326Ala NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R5690:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H20 H21 E327A Glu327Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D328A and E329A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H20 H21 D328A Asp328Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E327 and E329A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H20 H21 E329A Glu329Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E327A and D328A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H20 H21 I331I* Ile331 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H20 H21 L331H Leu331His NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive mixed, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains K324R and I155V mutations
H20 H21 A332N Ala332Asn NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, I333V, S335N, V351T, S365A, V180A and I374T mutations
H20 H21 A332N Ala332Asn NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, S239C, T315A, I333V, S335N, V351T, and T166A mutations
H20 H21 A332N Ala332Asn NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, I333V, S335N, V351T, S364A, S365V, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
H20 H21 K332A Lys332Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K336A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H20 H21 N332A Asn332Ala XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains V333I, N335S, T351V, and A365S
H20 H21 N332A Asn332Ala XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, V333I, N335S, T351V, A365S, L44P and Q292R mutations
H20 H21 I333V Ile333Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, S335N, V351T, S365A, V180A and I374T mutations
H20 H21 I333V Ile333Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, S239C, T315A, A332N, S335N, V351T, and T166A mutations
H20 H21 I333V Ile333Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, S335N, V351T, S364A, S365V, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
H20 H21 V333I Val333Ile XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N332A, N335S, T351V, and A365S
H20 H21 V333I Val333Ile XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, N332A, N335S, T351V, A365S, L44P and Q292R mutations
H20 H21 V333W Val333Trp BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Peloruside and paclitaxel resistant Kanakkanthara et al. 2015. Cancer Lett 365:251-60 Homo sapiens, human
H20 H21 N335S Asn335Ser XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N332A, V333I, T351V, and A365S
H20 H21 N335S Asn335Ser XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, N332A, V333I, T351V, A365S, L44P and Q292R mutations
H20 H21 S335N Ser335Asn NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, V351T, S365A, V180A and I374T mutations
H20 H21 S335N Ser335Asn NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, S239C, T315A, A332N, I333V, V351T, and T166A mutations
H20 H21 S335N Ser335Asn NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, V351T, S364A, S365V, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
H21 K336A Lys332Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K332A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H21 N337L Asn337Leu BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Peloruside, laulimalide and paclitaxel resistant Kanakkanthara et al. 2015. Cancer Lett 365:251-60 Homo sapiens, human
H21 N337T Asn337Thr EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H21 N337Y Asn337Tyr NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R6351:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
D339A Asp339Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E343A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S340S* Ser340 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
Y340C Tyr340Cys NP_035785.1 (Tubb5) M. musculus R1920:Tubb5, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
Y340C Tyr340Cys NP_035785.1 (Tubb5) M. musculus R1922:Tubb5, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
Y340C Tyr340Cys NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus R3739:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E343A Glu343Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D339A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
W344X Trp344Stop NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild, semi dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
N347S Asn347Ser NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus IGL02535:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S29 S26 N348S Asn348Ser AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S29 S26 N348S Asn348Ser Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. J Med Genet 53:662-71 Homo sapiens, human
S29 S26 K350E Lys350Glu XP_001693997.1 (Tub2) C. reinhardtii Resistant to microtubule disrupting drugs Lee and Huang. 1990. Plant Cell 2:1051-7, Schibler and Huang. 1991. J Cell Biol 113:605-14 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
S29 S26 K350M Lys350Met XP_001693997.1 (Tub2) C. reinhardtii resistant to microtubule disrupting drugs Lee and Huang. 1990. Plant Cell 2:1051-7, Schibler and Huang. 1991. J Cell Biol 113:605-14 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, algae
S29 S26 K350M Lys350Met P41352 T. thermophila Paclitaxel hypersensitive Smith et al. 2004. Eukaryot Cell 3:1217-26 Tetrahymena thermophila
S29 S26 K350N Lys350Asn AAB18929.1 C. griseus Colcimid and vinblastine resistant Yin et al. 2007. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2798-806 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S29 S26 K350N Lys350Asn BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Indanocine resistant, 2-Methoxyestradiol resistant Hua et al. 2001. Cancer Res 61:7248-54, Gökmen-Polar et al. 2005. Cancer Res 65:9406-14, Liaw et al. 2008. Mol Cancer Ther 7:3150-9 Homo sapiens, human
S29 S26 S351F Ser351Phe NP_199247.1 (TUB4) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB4 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
S29 S26 T351A Thr351Ala AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S29 S26 T351S Thr351Ser NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R2762:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S29 S26 T351V Thr351Val NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains A364S, V365S, and L112P mutations
S29 S26 T351V Thr351Val XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N332A, V333I, N335S, A365S
S29 S26 T351V Thr351Val XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, N332A, V333I, N335S, A365S, L44P and Q292R mutations
S29 S26 V351T Val351Thr NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, S365A, V180A and I374T mutations
S29 S26 V351T Val351Thr NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, S239C, T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, and T166A mutations
S29 S26 V351T Val351Thr NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, S364A, S365V, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
S29 S26 A352T Ala352Thr NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S29 S26 A352T Ala352Thr P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S29 S26 A352V Ala352Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S364A, S365V, D249E, and M293V mutations
S29 S26 V353A Val353Ala NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R3927:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
S29 S26 V353I Val353Ile BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Microcephaly Breuss et al. 2012. Cell Rep 2:1554-62 Homo sapiens, human
S29 S26 V353I Val353Ile NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Microcephaly phenotypes, TUBB5 Madrigal et al. 2019. Gene 19:30101-5 Homo sapiens, human
S29 S26 C354A Cys354Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl resistant, decreased growth, cold stable Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77, Gupta et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 13:2919-32 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S29 S26 C354S Cys354Ser NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Benomyl resistant, decreased growth, cold stable Gupta et al. 2001. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49:67-77, Gupta et al. 2002. Mol Biol Cell 13:2919-32 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S29 S26 C354Y Cys354Tyr P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S29 S26 D355D* Asn355 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S29 S26 V355V* Val355 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
G356G* Gly356 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
G356G* Gly356 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
P357L Pro357Leu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
P357L Pro357Leu AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Cerebellar dysplasia Oegema et al. 2015. Hum Mol Genet 24:5213-25 Homo sapiens, human
P358R Pro358Arg EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
Q358Q* Gln358 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
R360R* Arg360 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
S30 S27 D363D* Asp363 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S30 S27 D363D* Asp363 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
S30 S27 M363T Met300Thr Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32 Homo sapiens, human
S30 S27 M363V Met363Val EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
S30 S27 A364T Ala364Thr BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Paclitaxel resistant Giannakakou et al. 1997. J Biol Cell 272:17118-25 Homo sapiens, human
S30 S27 A364T Ala364Thr AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S30 S27 I374T Ile374Thr NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S365A, and V180A mutations
S30 S27 S364A Ser364Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A218T, A275S, Q291R, K297R, R320P, and T386S mutations
S30 S27 S364A Ser364Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S365V, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
S30 S27 A365S Ala365Ser XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains N332A, V333I, N335S, and T351V
S30 S27 A365S Ala365Ser XP_007945164.1 (TUBB4B) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains S275A, A315T, N332A, V333I, N335S, T351V, L44P and Q292R mutations
S30 S27 S365A Ser365Ala NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, doxorubicin-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, V180A and I374T mutations
S30 S27 S365V Ser365Val NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive mucinous, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T315A, A332N, I333V, S335N, V351T, S364A, D249E, M293V, and A352V mutations
S30 S27 V365D Val365Asp NP_110400.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens (KB3 cells) Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Homo sapiens, human
V365S Val365Ser NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, low grade breast cancer, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains T351V, A364S, and L112P mutations
S30 S27 C366C* Cys366 AAP75759.2 C. caldarium Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidium caldarium, extremophile, algae
S30 S27 C366C* Cys366 BAM81345.1 C. merolae Heat resistant tubulin (correlation, unpublished) Arnold MS thesis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) Cyanidioschyzon merolae, extremophile, algae
S30 S27 F367I Phe367Ile P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S30 S27 F367L Phe367Leu P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
S30 S27 F367L Phe367Leu AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S30 S27 I368V Ile368Val AAA29170.1 H. contortus Associated with benzimidazole resistant Kwa et al. 1994. Mol Biochem Parasitol 63:299-303 Haemonchus contortus, nematode, barber's pole worm
S30 S27 G369E Gly369Glu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S30 S27 G369R Gly369Arg NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe semi-dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
S30 S27 T372A Thr372Ala AAB18929.1 C. griseus With Y281H, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
S30 S27 T372P Thr372Pro NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With I374V and Q375R, cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
S30 A373V Ala373Val NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R1164:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
I374V Ile374Val NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With T372P and Q375R, cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
Q375R Gln375Arg NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With T372P and I374V, cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H21 H22 E376A Glu376Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K379A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H21 H22 E376G Glu376Gly AAB18929.1 C. griseus With V60A, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H21 H22 L377F Leu377Phe NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H21 H22 I379I* Ile379 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H21 H22 K379A Lys379Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E376A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H21 H22 R379R* Arg379 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H21 H22 R380A Arg380Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D383A, wild-type; kinesin binding Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H21 H22 R380C Arg380Cys Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Cushion et al. 2013. Brain 136:536-48 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 R380C Arg380Cys AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Extraocular congenital fibrosis syndrome (CFEOM3) Tischfield et al. 2010. Cell 140:74-87 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 R380S Arg380Ser NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H21 H22 R380S Arg380Ser Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Polymicrogyria Cushion et al. 2013. Brain 136:536-48 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 D383A Asp383Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With R380A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H21 H22 E383K Glu383Lys NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R4415:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H21 H22 T386S Thr386Ser NP_001184110.1 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Invasive ductal, high grade breast cancer, taxane-treated, other PMs Wang et al. 2017. Protoplasma 254:1163-1173 Homo sapiens, human Also contains I189V, A218T, A275S, S364A Q291R, K297R, and R320P mutations
H21 H22 M388I Met388Ile P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 M388T Met388Thr P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 M388V Met388Val AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Malformation of cortical development Poirier et al. 2010. Hum Mol Genet 19:4462-73 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 M388V Met388Val Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Microlissencephaly, microretrognatism, dysmorphy, exophyhalmia, hypertelorism Fallet-Bianco et al. 2014. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:69 Homo sapiens, human
H21 H22 M388V Met388Val P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) Miyatake et al. 2014. Neurology 82:2230-7, Hamilton et al. 2014. Brain 137:1921-30 Homo sapiens, human
K390A Lys390Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K392A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R390Q Arg390Gln NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae No growth defect, increased sensitive to depolymerizing drugs Breuss et al. 2017. Hum Mol Genet 26:258-269 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
R390Q Arg390Gln Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Uner Tan syndrome (mental retardation) Breuss et al. 2017. Hum Mol Genet 26:258-269 Homo sapiens, human
R391H Arg391His NP_006079.1 H. sapiens Leber congenital amaurosis Luscan et al. 2017. Am J Hum Genet 101:1006-12 Homo sapiens, human
R391T Arg391Thr NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K392A Lys392Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With K390A, cold sensitive, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
A393T Ala393Thr NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, dominant allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75, Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
A393V Ala393Val NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
A393V Ala393Val EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of G142S β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
A394T Ala394Thr NP_177706.1 (TUB1) A. thaliana Twisting, TUB1 Ishida et al. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8544-9 Arabidopsis thaliana, plant
F394A Phe394Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With W397E, blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H23 L395D Leu395Asp AAB18929.1 C. griseus With S275C, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H23 H396Q His396Gln EPT27619.1 (β1-tubulin) T. gondii Suppressor of F52Y β-tubulin defects Ma et al. 2008. Genetics 180:845-56 Toxoplasma gondii, parasite
H23 W397E Trp397Glu NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With F394A, blocked polymerization Johnson et al. 2011. Biochemistry:8636-44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H23 Y398C Tyr398Cys AAB18929.1 C. griseus Destabilized tubulin Wang et al. 2006. J Biol Chem 281:13628-35 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H23 Y398H Tyr398His NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R6284:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H23 E401A Glu401Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D404A, cold sensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H23 E401K Glu401Lys BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Microcephaly Breuss et al. 2012. Cell Rep 2:1554-62 Homo sapiens, human
H23 E401K Glu401Lys NP_001280141.1 (TUBB1) H. sapiens Microcephaly phenotypes, TUBB5 Madrigal et al. 2019. Gene 19:30101-5 Homo sapiens, human
H23 G402E Gly402Glu NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster B2t mutation, testes specific tubulin Fackenthal et al. 1995. Genetics 139:267-86 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
H23 G402R Gly402Arg NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
D404A Asp404Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E401A, cold sensitive; with E401A and D404A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E405A Glu405Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E407A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
I405L Ile405Leu NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R1163:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 E407A Glu407Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E405A, recessive lethal; with E401A and D404A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43, Uchimura et al. 2010. EMBO J 29:1167-75 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H22 H24 E407K Glu407Lys NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, mild recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H22 H24 E407L Glu407Leu NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Increased MT stability, ectopic neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H22 H24 Q408Q* Gln408 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H22 H24 I409I* Ile409 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H22 H24 E410 Glu410:Transposon NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans mec-7, severe recessive allele Savage et al. 1994. J Cell Sci 107:2165-75 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H22 H24 E410A Glu410Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E412A, recessive lethal; kinesin binding Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43, Uchimura et al. 2006. EMBO J 25:5932-41 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H22 H24 E410G Glu410Gly NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R0666:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 E410K Glu410K NP_509313.1 (MEC-7) C. elegans Reduced MT stability, short neurites Zheng et al. 2017. Mol Biol Cell 28:2786-2801 Caenorhabditis elegans, nematode, roundworm
H22 H24 E410K Glu410Lys AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Moebius syndrome (facial palsy) MacKinnon et al. 2014. Opthalmology 121:1461-8 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 E410K Glu410Lys P04350.2 (TUBB4A) H. sapiens Axonal transport and neuropathies Niwa et al. 2013. EMBO J 32:1352-64, Miyatake et al. 2014. Neurology 82:2230-7 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 E410V Glu410Val AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Moebius syndrome (facial palsy) MacKinnon et al. 2014. Opthalmology 121:1461-8 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 E412A Glu412Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E410A, recessive lethal; kinesin binding Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43, Uchimura et al. 2006. EMBO J 25:5932-41 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H22 H24 N414S Asn414Ser NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus IGL01823:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 I415V Ile415Val NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R5730:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 M415V Met415Val AAB18929.1 C. griseus Paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H22 H24 H416Q His416Gln NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R6008:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 N416A Asn416Ala AAB18929.1 C. griseus With T178A, paclitaxel resistant Yin et al. 2012. Pharm Res 29:2994-3006 Cricetulus griseus, chinese hamster, rodent
H22 H24 N416S Asn416Ser NP_035785.1 (Tubb5) M. musculus R5508:Tubb5, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 D417A Asp417Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E421A, recessive lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43, Uchimura et al. 2006. EMBO J 25:5932-41 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H22 H24 D417H Asp417His AAH03021.2 (TUBB3) H. sapiens Extraocular congenital fibrosis syndrome (CFEOM3), increased MT stability Tischfield et al. 2010. Cell 140:74-87, Ti et al. 2016. Dev Cell 37:72-84 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 D417N Asp417Asn Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8) H. sapiens Defects in oocyte meiosis Feng et al. 2016. N Engl J Med 374:223-32 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 D417N Asp417Asn NP_001060.1 (TUBB2A) H. sapiens Progressive spastic ataxia Sferra et al. 2018. Hum Mol Genet 27:1892-1904 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 D417N Asp417Asn Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens Symmetric polymicrogyria and pachygyria Guerrini et al. 2012. Eur J Hum Genet 20:995-8 Homo sapiens, human
H22 H24 V419M Val419Met NP_033477.2 (Tubb4a) M. musculus R0348:Tubb4a, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H22 H24 S420P Ser420Pro NP_001074440.1 (Tubb1) M. musculus R0117:Tubb1, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H24 Δ421-424, E Δ421-424, insert Glu NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Cold sensitive microtubules Huffaker et al. 1988. J Cell Biol 106:1997-2010 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H24 E421A Glu421Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D417A, recessive lethal; kinesin binding Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43, Uchimura et al. 2006. EMBO J 25:5932-41 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
H24 E421K Glu421Lys Q9BVA1 (TUBB2B) H. sapiens congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) and polymicrogyria Cederquist et al. 2012. Hum Mol Genet 21:5484-99 Homo sapiens, human
H24 Y422C Tyr422Cys BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Epothilone resistant He et al. 2001. Mol Cancer Ther 1:3-10 Homo sapiens, human
Y422H Tyr422His NP_080749.2 (Tubb6) M. musculus IGL02634:Tubb6, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
H24 C424C* Cys424 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
H24 C425C* Cys425 Q9N2N6.1 E. focardii Correlated with cold stable microtubules Chiappori et al. 2012. Proteins 80:1154-60 Euplotes focardii, extremophile, Antarctic ciliate
E431A Glu431Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D432A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E431X Glu431Stop NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D432A Asp432Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E431A, dominant lethal Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D433A Asp433Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E434A and E435A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D433E Asp433Glu NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster With A434G, specifies ability to make central pair microtubules in flagellar axoneme Nielsen et al. 2001. Curr Biol 11:529-33 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
A434G Ala434Gly NP_524290.2 (B2tD) D. melanogaster With D433E, specifies ability to make central pair microtubules in flagellar axoneme Nielsen et al. 2001. Curr Biol 11:529-33 Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
E434A Glu434Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D433A and E435A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E435A Glu435Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D433A and E434A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D437A Asp437Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E438A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E437D Glu437Asp P41352 T. thermophila With E438D and E439D, lethal cytokinesis defect Thazhath et al. 2002. Nat Cell Biol 4:256-9 Tetrahymena thermophila
G437S Gly437Ser BAC54932.1 (M40) H. sapiens Paclitaxel resistant de Castro et al. 2003. Lung Cancer 41:41-8 Homo sapiens, human
E438A Glu438Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D437A, wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E438D Glu438Asp P41352 T. thermophila With E437D and E439D, lethal cytokinesis defect Thazhath et al. 2002. Nat Cell Biol 4:256-9 Tetrahymena thermophila
E439D Glu439Asp P41352 T. thermophila With E437D and E438D, lethal cytokinesis defect Thazhath et al. 2002. Nat Cell Biol 4:256-9 Tetrahymena thermophila
N439X Asn439Stop NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D441A Asp441Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Wild-type Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D441E Asp441Glu NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R5256:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
L444L* Leu444 AAC78686.1 (β1-tubulin) G. morhua Cold stable microtubules Modig et al. 1999. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 42:315-30 Gadus morhua, extremophile, Atlantic cod, fish
Q446X Gln446Stop NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae Increased benomyl sensitive Aiken et al. 2014. Curr Biol. 24:1295-1303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
D449A Asp449Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E450A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
K450R Lys450Arg NP_075768.1 (Tubb3) M. musculus R2091:Tubb3, viable heterozygote, ENU mutagenesis Mutagenetix Mus musculus, mouse
E454A Glu454Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E457A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E450A Glu450Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With D449A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast
E457A Glu457Ala NP_116616.1 (TUB2) S. cerevisiae With E454A, benomyl supersensitive Reijo et al. 1994. Mol Biol Cell 5:29-43 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast